Information on state-level noxious weed status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database. DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Albizia julibrissin
Silktree on a disturbed site near the Tallapoosa River, Alabama.Silktree is native to Asia [26,30,40,54,56,83,123,128,131], occurring from Iran to Japan [9,20,41,74,104]. It is often asserted that silktree was introduced to the United States as an ornamental in 1745 [8,9,25,83,111,123]. However, according to Cothran [20], it was brought to North America about 1785 and was first offered for sale in 1807. By the 1950s silktree was established locally in Georgia [29]. In 1972 it was a new record in Oconee County, South Carolina [38]. By 1992 silktree was considered common in disturbed areas of the Chauga River Gorge in Oconee County [114]. It was first reported in the flora of Illinois from 1956 to 1978 [48]. Silktree was described as "newly documented" in the Washington, DC area in 1995 [33], and, according to Connelly [19], was first reported in the flora of Connecticut in 2008. A 1994 guide to plants of Butte County, California, lists silktree as occurring in north-central Sacramento Valley and southern portions of the Cascade Range [95]. The distribution and impacts of silktree are best documented in the southeastern United States. Based on Southern Forest Inventory and Analysis data collected from 2001 to 2008, silktree is most common in north-central Alabama [86].
Silktree distribution. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [119] [2018, January 30].Silktree appears to be most common in disturbed communities. It is noted in oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya spp.), pine (Pinus), mixed pine-hardwood, riparian forests, and grasslands.
Silktree occurs in oak-hickory, pine, and mixed pine-hardwood communities in the Southeast. Silktree was considered a potentially high threat to oak-hickory woodlands but its threat status in pine habitats was unknown [109]. In Tennessee, it occurred infrequently in oak-hickory upland woods [59] and was present in mature, second-growth oak-hickory forest [110]. It occurred at low density in the sapling layer of an old-growth, longleaf pine (P. palustris) forest in Alabama where fire had been excluded for at least 45 years [67,121]. In Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee, silktree was often associated with Virginia pine (P. virginiana). Several other tree and shrub species commonly associated with silktree in the park are listed by Baron and others [8]. A few silktree seedlings occurred in a loblolly pine (P. taeda) plantation in Georgia [31]. It occurred infrequently in a Florida forest dominated by sand post oak (Q. margarettiae), turkey oak (Q. laevis), and longleaf pine or slash pine (P. elliottii) [49] and was a minor component in mixed pine-hardwood forests near Macon, Georgia [125]. The understory of a recently thinned, 30-year-old loblolly pine stand in the Piedmont region of South Carolina consisted of honey-locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and silktree [32]. It was one of 19 overstory species, although it occurred at low density and near the edge, in a forest dominated by sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), loblolly pine, and red maple (Acer rubrum) near Virginia's Atlantic coast [90].
In north-central California, silktree was listed as occupying foothill woodland communities [95]; given the location, the vegetation was likely dominated by oaks.
Silktree often occurs in riparian areas and floodplain communities. It has been reported in these habitats in Maryland [102], Washington, DC [33], Tennessee [6,8], and North Carolina. In North Carolina silktree was reported in riparian areas with sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), sweetgum, yellow-poplar [91,122], red maple, and several oak and hickory species [122]. In a wetland created in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, it occurred with loblolly pine, willow (Salix sp.), and saplings of red maple and sweetgum [47]. Silktree was found around springs and in sinkholes in upland woodlands of Florida [49] and occurred in riparian woodlands of north-central California [95]. In a constructed wetland in New Jersey, it occurred in an area dominated by marsh species such as marsh seedbox (Ludwigia palustris), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), yellowseed false pimpernel (Lindernia dubia), and common rush (Juncus effusus) [72]. Silktree has been reported in riverbank communities in subtropical forests in the foothills of Garhwal Himalayas, India, part of silktree's native range [65].
The extent to which silktree can establish in grasslands is unclear. A review notes its occurrence in grasslands [23]. In Kentucky, silktree occurred in the ecotone between an oak-hickory forest and a cool-season grassland that established following logging [113], but Stocker and Hupp [109] note that it is not invasive in grasslands.
Silktree is frequent in disturbed communities such as those found along roadsides and in old fields. For information on disturbed sites where it occurs, see Successional Status. See the table below for species that occur with silktree in study areas that have experienced light to severe disturbance.
Species that are repeatedly reported with silktree on disturbed sitesSpecies
States
Loblolly pine
Georgia [31,85,96]
Alabama [47,84]
Florida [49]
Sweetgum
North Carolina [122]
Alabama [47]
Florida [49]
Black cherry
New York [105]
Washington DC [33]
Florida [49]
Black locust
(Robinia pseudoacacia)
Washington DC [33]
Kentucky [113]
Georgia [96]
Flameleaf sumac
(Rhus copallinum)
New York [105]
Washington DC [33]
Maryland [107]
Oklahoma [52]
Florida [49]
Smooth sumac
(Rhus glabra)
New York [105]
Washington DC [33]
Oklahoma [52]
Tennessee [6]
Blackberries
(Rubus spp.)
New York [105]
Washington DC [33]
Georgia [96]
Sericea lespedeza
(Lespedeza cuneata)
Kentucky [113]
Oklahoma [51]
Georgia [96]
Red clover
(Trifolium pratense)
Botanical description: This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [39,40,123,128]).
Aboveground description: Silktree is a deciduous [40], nitrogen-fixing [83,89,111,126] tree or shrub [61,126] with thin [9,83], nearly smooth [9,74,83] bark. It has a broad crown [30,39,40,54,74,123] and single or multiple [9,83], short trunks [40,126]. It ranges from 10 to 50 feet (3-15 m) tall [9,20,30,39,83,123,128]. The champion silktree, last measured in 2006, was 64 feet (20 m) tall and had an 80.4-foot (24.5 m) spread. Its circumference at 3 feet (1 m) above ground was 103.2 inches (262 cm) [2]. Average circumference of silktree in the subtropical forests in the foothills of Garhwal Himalayas was 76.9 inches (195.2 cm) [65]. Silktree has alternate leaves, 4 to 20 inches (15-38 cm) long [9,39,40,74,83,123,126] and up to 6 inches (15 cm) wide [40,126]. The leaves are bipinnately compound [9,20,30,40,83,123,128] and move in reaction to light [26,30] and touch [26]. The oblong leaflets [39,74,123,126] are 5 to 15 mm long [40,74,83,126,128] and 2 to 5 mm wide [30,126]. The showy flowerheads [9,126] occur in clusters [26,83] at the ends of branches [9,39,83,126]. Each head has 15 to 25 sessile flowers [9,83] from 1 to 2 inches (2.5-6 cm) long [9,30,74,83]. Silktree's fruits are flattened legumes [26,74,83,123,126,128] from 3 to 8 inches (8-20 cm) long [20,26,39,83,123,128] and 0.6 to 1.2 inches (1.5-3 cm) wide [39,40,54,123,126,128]. They contain 5 to 16 seeds [41,83] that are about 6 to 12 mm long, half as wide [9,40,123], and have hard seed coats [126].
Life span, population dynamics, and stand structure: Silktree is apparently short lived in the United States [9,26,40,96], due to a soil-borne fungus (Fusarium) that infects the root system and causes wilting and eventually death (DeWolf 1968 as cited in [96]). Researchers studying silktree populations in and around Athens, Georgia, suggest that in the southeastern United States, silktree is characterized by frequent colonization and extinction of local populations, and that silktree often senesces within 10 to 20 years. However, they indicate that thinning and extinction of silktree populations only occurs on very shady sites or after the canopy closes [96]. Baron and others [8] report an average life span of around 30 years. The minimum age of silktree reported in Korea ranges from 30 to 45 years or more [53].
Silktree may form dense, even-aged stands in some areas. Sites that are greater than about 650 feet (200 m) from mature silktree trees appear to be colonized by 1 or a few individuals. Once these individuals flower and produce seed, the site becomes populated by even-aged recruits. Sites with many mature trees nearby are generally just colonized by dense, even-aged stands [96]. A field survey in Great Smokey Mountains National Park in the summer of 1975 found silktree on 87 sites, 16 of which included mature trees or clumps of mature trees. Two of these sites had a large number of saplings. The remaining 71 sites included only seedlings, with as many as 1,000 seedlings in the same vicinity [8].
Raunkiaer [103] life form:Fruits first appear in June [83] and mature from August [9,54] to November [96,98,129]. According to Parrotta and others [98], seeds disperse from September to November. A description of silktree notes that the legumes split open in winter [83]. Fruits may remain on the tree into winter [9,20,83] or spring [54].
In a greenhouse experiment silktree stopped growing when daylight hours were short and grew vigorously with daylight of 14 hours or longer [92].
REGENERATION PROCESSES:Pollination and breeding system: Silktree is monoecious or andromonoecious and pollinated by insects [53]. Flowers are visited by bees, butterflies [41,61], and hummingbirds [41,54,61]. It is not clear whether silktree flowers are perfect [41,123] or if the apical flower of each head is perfect and the rest are staminate [40]. Pardini and Hamrick [97] cite Elias (1980) as describing silktree flowers as andromonoecious, but disagree based on observations of individual inflorescences commonly producing 3 to 9 fruits.
Silktree is self-incompatible [41,53]. Inbreeding occurs occasionally [53]. For information on pollen donor variability, see Irwin and others [55] and Pardini and Hamrick [97]. Pardini and Hamrick [96] provide information on spatial genetic structure of silktree populations.
Seed production: Observations by Pardini and Hamrick [96] suggest that silktree begins producing seed at an early age. Several authors note that silktree produces many seeds [8,9,25,83,96,104,126], and one source reports that it produces 8,000 seeds/year (Wick and Walters 1974 cited in [89]).
Seed dispersal: Silktree seeds are primarily dispersed by gravity [96] and secondarily by wind, water, and animals. Several sources suggest that the thin, papery legumes are wind dispersed [41,90,96,105]. Observations in Georgia suggest that wind can carry silktree seeds at least 300 feet (~90 m) [96]. Seeds may travel long distances in high winds [98]. An experiment to determine the wind-dispersal capability of several species found that silktree legumes could disperse from the parent tree in a 6 mile (10 km) per hour horizontal breeze [78]. Reviews suggest that silktree seeds are also transported by water [9,83] and animals [83]. Silktree seeds may also be dispersed in contaminated fill dirt [9].
Seed banking: Several authors note that silktree seeds have a hard, impermeable seed coat [31,129] that requires scarification to break dormancy (see Germination, below), suggesting that they may remain viable in the soil for long periods. However, seed bank studies were lacking as of 2010. Several reviews cite studies that found a small percentage of silktree seeds kept in dry storage remained viable for 70 [21] to nearly 150 years [22,93,115]. A study by Wick and Walters (1974 cited by [9,98,129]) found 90% viability of silktree seeds stored in loosely corked bottles for 5 years. A flora from the southeastern United States reports that silktree seeds remain viable for "several years" in soil [30]. Silktree seed was not detected in soil samples taken from a forested site where it occurred in the overstory at low density near the edge [90].
Germination: Silktree seeds are dormant due to their hard seed coat and must be scarified to germinate [27]. Exposure to heat [42,99] and fungi [42], soaking in water [89,98] or acid [27], or other damage to the seed coat can break silktree seed dormancy. For more information on the effects of heat on germination rates, see FIRE ADAPTATIONS AND PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE. The presence of fungi in soil resulted in a 30.1% germination rate in silktree seeds that had not been previously scarified, significantly (P<0.05) greater than the 11.4% germination rate of unscarified seeds planted in sterilized soil [42]. Soaking in water resulted in 79.6% of silktree seeds germinating over a 4-year period [89]. Manual snipping of part of the seed coat resulted in 93% germination after 7 days in one laboratory study [99] and 90% germination after an unspecified time in another [44]. Mechanical scarification resulted in germination rates from 89.7% to 98.4% [42]. Other methods for stimulating silktree germination include hot water [99] and sulfuric acid [10,98,129]. Silktree seed germination following 8 months at 54 °F (12 °C) was only 2.5% [89], suggesting that cool temperatures do not promote silktree germination. According to a flora of Texas, generally one-quarter to one-third of silktree seeds germinate [123].
According to the Woody Plant Seed Manual, planting seeds no more than 1 inch (2 cm) deep in loose moist soil in full sunlight favors silktree germination [98].
Seedling establishment and plant growth: Under appropriate conditions silktree seedlings may have high survival rates. Silktree survival on acid surface-mine spoils in Kentucky averaged 84% [100]. No mortality was observed in silktrees planted on a landfill in South Korea [63]. In a trial to determine silktree's potential as domestic goat forage, 96.5% of silktree seedlings planted in experimental plots in March survived their first year [1]. However, in a test to determine silktree's usefulness as livestock forage in the Louisiana coastal plain, very few seedlings established during a period with below-average precipitation [99]. Due to the rarity of silktree saplings (>4 inches (10 cm) tall) in a 1975 field survey of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the authors suggested that few silktree seedlings survive their first year, except in open areas and along roads, mostly likely due to mowing and shading from forest trees [8].
Increased cover of silktree following prescribed fire in western Tennessee was likely due to silktree seedlings establishing from the soil seed bank [110]. See Plant response to fire for details of this study.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that silktree seedling establishment is aided by disturbance (e.g., [8,77,102]). For example, silktree occurred on loosened skid trails and was among the dominant species in compacted skid trails 7 months after selective harvesting in an oak-hickory forest at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Silktree did not occur in similar undisturbed microsites in this study [77]. See Successional Status for more information on the association of silktree with disturbed areas.
Silktree grows quickly under favorable site conditions [9,26,98,111,126]. One-year-old, wilt-resistant clones were 2 to 4 feet (0.6-1.2 m) tall when planted in a North Carolina pasture. During the first growing season, they grew 14 mm/day and increased in height by 91%; in 6 years, they grew to 20 feet (6 m) tall and 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter [1]. On a landfill in South Korea, silktree reached an average height of 8.2 feet (2.49 m) after 3.6 years [63]. Silktree in acid surface-mine spoils in Kentucky grew to an average height of 4.9 feet (1.5 m) over 4 years [100]. Silktree grew well with long photoperiods in a greenhouse [92]. Experimental exposure to sassafras (Sassafras albidum) leachates reduced silktree root growth [36].
Vegetative regeneration: Several reviews note silktree's ability to reproduce vegetatively [104,111] by sprouting from roots [8,9,27]. A review notes that silktree colonies form from root sprouts [83].
Silktree sprouting after cutting or damage is commonly reported [9,25,111,126]. Silktree trees killed by Fusarium wilt disease may create a mass of root sprouts. In some areas of Georgia and Tennessee, roadside silktrees survive only as root sprouts, as the main portion of the tree has been killed by the wilt disease [27]. Sprouts may grow over 3 feet (1 m) in a single season [9,25]. However, observations at Great Smoky Mountain National Park led managers to suggest that silktree seedlings (2.5 to 4 inches (6-10 cm) tall) do not sprout after mowing [8]. For more detail on silktree response to cutting or other treatments, see Control.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:Moisture: Since it occurs on wet to dry sites [83], silktree does not appear sensitive to moisture conditions [111]. It occurred in a constructed wetland in New Jersey that was dominated by several marsh species [72] and occurs near rivers that are frequently flooded [6,102]. In silktree's native range it occurs in moist scrub and woodland areas [126]. Moist soil may favor silktree seedling establishment [98]. Silktree has been reported in mesic sites [124]. Establishment of silktree was rare on the Louisiana coastal plain during a period with 75% of the long-term average precipitation [99]. However, Vines [123] and Weber [126] note that silktree is resistant to drought, and silktree has been observed in xeric areas [6,8].
Soil: Although descriptions in the literature are limited, reviews state that silktree occurs in a wide range of soil conditions [9,111]. Weber [126] states that silktree is adapted to "poor soil", and Moore [89] notes that silktree's nitrogen-fixing capability enables it to grow well on infertile soil.
Silktree occurs on sites with acidic to moderately alkaline soil pH and grows on acid surface-mine spoils. At a landfill in south Korea, silktree grew on sites with pH ranging from 5.67 to 7.94 [63]. Silktree grew on surface-mine spoils in Kentucky where pH ranged from 4.0 to 7.1. Soluble salt concentrations on these sites ranged from 0.205 to 0.243 mmhos/cm, and phosphorus concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 8.1 ppm. Silktree's growth and survival were generally better on sites with high phosphorus concentrations. In areas with low phosphorus concentrations, greater growth occurred on sites with neutral pH [100].
Soil textures reported from sites with silktree are generally coarse. In the South Carolina Piedmont, silktree occurred in loamy sand [32], and at a landfill in South Korea, silktree occurred in sandy loam [63]. Silktree has been reported in coarse soil at a constructed marsh in New Jersey [72] and in mixtures of sand, gravel, and boulders next to a river in northern Tennessee [6].
Topography: Silktree has been reported in flat areas [8,32] and on steep slopes [8]. It was reported "on a level area" in the South Carolina Piedmont [32] and on slopes ranging from <10° to 90° in Great Smoky Mountains National Park [8].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Silktree is considered a pioneer species in its native Japan [94]. In North America, silktree is generally considered an early- to midsuccessional species, given its reported affinity for disturbed, open areas (e.g., [8,40,41,51,52,81]) such as old fields (e.g., [50,95,112]), old homesites (e.g., [8,18,132]), roadsides (e.g., [8,9,18,56,81,130]), and woodland edges (e.g., [33,40,82,111,126]). It was a "pioneer invader" that dominated stripmine overburden soils in experimental plots in Florida by the second growing season [11]. Silktree may establish or persist in later stages of succession on some sites [67,102].
Silktree may establish or increase on recently burned, thinned, or logged forest sites, and commonly occurs in forest edge habitat. Silktree had low canopy cover (<1%) in a mature, second-growth oak-hickory forest in western Tennessee, but its cover increased after fire [110] (see Plant response to fire). It occurred in the understory of a recently thinned, 30-year-old loblolly pine stand in South Carolina [32]. Silktree seedlings established in skid trails after selective harvesting in an oak-hickory forest in Tennessee [77]. A few silktree individuals occurred near the edge of a midsuccessional forest bordering an old agricultural field near Virginia's Atlantic coast. The authors speculate that they established following clear-cutting for agriculture [90]. In Kentucky, silktree occurred (but was rare) in an oak-hickory forest edge bordering a cool-season grassland [113]. Despite its common occurrence along forest edges, an analysis of edges in North Carolina forest did not list silktree among the species that were considered good edge indicators [80].
Silktree may occur in late-successional forests under some circumstances. Silktree occurred at low density in the sapling layer of an old-growth, longleaf pine forest in Alabama where fire had been excluded for at least 45 years [67,121]. No additional information was given regarding characteristics of microsites where silktree occurred in this forest; however, its establishment was likely due to anthropogenic influences, given the location within the city of Flomaton, Alabama. Silktree had <1% cover in the understory of a completely forested, undisturbed reference site on an island in the Potomac River [102] (see Shade tolerance, below for more details).
Shade tolerance: Silktree tolerates partial shade [9,83,124] but is generally considered intolerant of shade [8,80,89]. Full sunlight may promote flowering [41], germination, and seedling establishment [98]. Silktree often occurs in open areas [30,72,104,111,114] and rarely occurs under a full canopy [9]. In Japan, it was an indicator species of habitats with the highest percent of photosynthetically active photon flux density at ground level [94]. A study in western North Carolina showed silktree was more likely present in watersheds with less forest cover [64]. None of the silktree trees near a yellow-poplar successional forest in Great Smoky Mountains National Park were growing under a closed canopy [8]. Silktree occurred on a completely forested island in the Potomoc River where sunlight intensity of averaged 16% of full sunlight at 3 feet (1 m) above ground [102]. It is unclear where silktree occurred on this site, or what growth stage it was in, but it may have occurred in small nautral canopy gaps or edges that resulted from flooding.
Silktree is not native to North America but was introduced as an ornamental in the 18th century [20]. As of 2010, it occurred as far north as New York [39,61,111] and Massachusetts [61] in the Northeast [23]; in southern portions of the Midwest [23,88]; throughout the south-central [30,51,54,56,61,111,117] and southeastern United States, excluding tropical Florida [30,35,41,56,61,83,111,117,126]; and in New Mexico, Arizona [57,61], Utah [57,61,128], and California [9,57,61,95,111]. Plants Database provides a distribution map of silktree.
Silktree is native to Asia [26,30,40,54,56,83,123,128,131], occurring from Iran to Japan [9,20,41,74,104]. It is often asserted that silktree was introduced to the United States as an ornamental in 1745 [8,9,25,83,111,123]. However, according to Cothran [20], it was brought to North America about 1785 and was first offered for sale in 1807. By the 1950s silktree was established locally in Georgia [29]. In 1972 it was a new record in Oconee County, South Carolina [38]. By 1992 silktree was considered common in disturbed areas of the Chauga River Gorge in Oconee County [114]. It was first reported in the flora of Illinois from 1956 to 1978 [48]. Silktree was described as "newly documented" in the Washington, DC area in 1995 [33], and, according to Connelly [19], was first reported in the flora of Connecticut in 2008. A 1994 guide to plants of Butte County, California, lists silktree as occurring in north-central Sacramento Valley and southern portions of the Cascade Range [95]. The distribution and impacts of silktree are best documented in the southeastern United States. Based on Southern Forest Inventory and Analysis data collected from 2001 to 2008, silktree is most common in north-central Alabama [86].
Silktree distribution. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [119] [2018, January 30].Available evidence suggests that a single fire will not control silktree and may promote its establishment.
Potential for postfire establishment and spread: Silktree is likely to persist by sprouting and, if a seed source is available, establish from seed after fire. Although data regarding silktree's response to fire are lacking, silktree is known to sprout following injury or top-kill (see Vegetative regeneration and Control), and evidence suggests that seed germination may be stimulated by heat scarification (see Plant response to fire). Additionally, silktree seems to grow best on disturbed sites with open canopies (see Successional Status). These traits suggest that burned sites should be monitored for postfire establishment and spread of silktree if it occurs onsite or nearby.
Preventing postfire establishment and spread: Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This may be accomplished through early detection and eradication, careful monitoring and follow-up, and limiting dispersal of invasive plant seed into burned areas. Specific recommendations include:
For more detailed information on these topics see the following publications: [5,16,43,118].
Use of prescribed fire as a control agent: No information was available (as of 2010) on the use of prescribed fire to control silktree. Given its persistence after fires (see Plant response to fire and FIRE REGIMES), fire alone is not likely to control silktree. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SPECIES: Albizia julibrissin IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Silktree may be a minor food source for some wildlife and has some potential as livestock feed.
Palatability and/or nutritional value: Silktree seed may provide some food for birds and squirrels [54,123], while butterflies and hummingbirds likely consume silktree nectar [54,61]. Silktree leaves may provide browse for deer and other wildlife [1,54,98]. According to Kartesz [61], silktree has been reported as toxic.
Silktree's nutritional value and growth rate give it potential as a summer browse species for livestock in the southeastern United States [17,99]. In a test of silktree as a forage species in the Louisiana coastal plain, silktree had consistently high leaf crude protein level [99]. In an analysis of silktree as forage in Arkansas, nitrogen levels met the nutritional requirements of cattle and domestic goats, and the presence of secondary metabolites were below detectable levels [17]. In a study of silktree's potential as domestic goat feed, digestibility and chemical composition were similar to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) [12]. In a domestic sheep feeding trial, silktree digestibility was 61%, and there were no signs of toxicity [13]. In an experiment on silktree as domestic goat forage, herbage mass production was adequate [1]. Other experiments suggest that silktree tolerates 2 complete defoliations during the grazing season [3] and that yield was maximized when 6 to 8 weeks of regrowth occurred between harvests [13,14]. Despite silktree's tolerance, requirements for managing defoliation are likely greater than required of currently used forage species [99]. Although domestic goats [3] and domestic sheep [3,13] eat silktree, it has been shown to have relatively low palatability compared to some available foods [1,3]. Silktree's other limitations include its potential to become invasive [99] (see Impacts) and a lack of evidence, as of 2010, that it significantly improves animal performance measures such as weight gain [3].
Cover value: Wick and Walters (1974 cited in [98]) state that silktree provides valuable cover for wildlife.
OTHER USES:Rehabilitation planting: Silktree has been recommended as a soil builder [100] and is used in rehabilitation planting on landfills [63,105] and mine sites [11,100].
Other: Silktree may be used for timber [61,123] and as an alleycrop species and mulch in legume production [60,79]. Although mentioned as a timber plant by Kartesz [61] and apparently used in cabinetmaking in Asia [123], silktree's weak and brittle wood was noted in a review [9]. There have been some successes with experimental trials that used silktree as an alleycrop species to maintain or improve soil fertility while growing commercial crops. Silktree fixed an estimated 245 pounds of nitrogen/acre over one growing season in an experimental planting in Alabama [13]. However, its use on broad scales is not recommended [60,79]. Kartesz [61] notes that silktree is edible and useful in erosion control. Use as a biofuel [83] has also been reported.
IMPACTS AND CONTROL:Despite a lack of data on the impacts of silktree on native habitats, silktree is commonly considered a weed of concern in the south-central and southeastern United States. Miller [82] states that silktree is 1 of the 16 most prevalent nonnative species in subtropical forests of the southeastern United States. Managers in Alabama, Arkansas, and Kentucky consider silktree a problem weed [76]. In Texas silktree is widespread and "can aggressively invade native habitats" [26]. According to a 2008 review [96], silktree is listed as invasive in 8 southern and mid-Atlantic states. Silktree was 1 of 12 species commonly reported as a problem by federal, state, and nongovernmental land managers of the southern Appalachians [66]. In the mid-1970s, the small size, scattered spatial arrangement, and occurrence of silktree populations only on disturbed sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park led to the conclusion that silktree had very little impact on native flora of that area, despite occurrence in riparian plant communities [8]. From 1994 to 2005, silktree was one of the 9 most common weeds in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park [127]. However, the impact of silktree establishment in this area had not been determined as of 2008. Silktree is classified as a weed that easily spreads into native communities and displaces native species in several southeastern states including Tennessee [106], Georgia [37], and Florida [35]. It frequently occurs in the central peninsula and northern regions of Florida [131]. In 2005, silktree was classified as a "significant threat" instead of a "severe threat" in Kentucky due to fewer impacts on native plant communities and fewer invasive characteristics than weeds that pose more severe threats [62]. As of 2003, silktree was considered "moderately invasive" in Virginia due to slow spread and negligible impact on ecosystem processes [124]. It had low management priority in another Virginia study area due to comparative ease of control [28].
Riparian habitats may be at greater risk of silktree invasion than other communities, likely due to regularly disturbed soils in riparian areas as well as the potential for silktree seeds to disperse in water [9]. Silktree is reportedly a "serious problem" along some streams in Tennessee [9], where it has been documented in cobble bars of the New River [6] and streambanks in Great Smoky Mountains National Park [8]. A review of southeastern weeds notes that silktree invades riparian habitats, spreads along stream networks, and can reduce native species and hardwood regeneration in riparian habitats [82]. Silktree was described as a "common pest" of the floodplain in Rock Creek Park in Washington DC [33]. It was reported on an island in the Potomac River, Maryland, that had experienced little human disturbance but had greater light penetration than mainland forests, likely due to higher velocities of previous floods on the island compared to the mainland [102]. Silktree has also been reported in riverbank communities in subtropical forests within its native range [65].
Control: Prevention has been recommended to minimize further spread of silktree, while control of established populations is generally accomplished with some combination of mechanical and chemical treatments.
Fire: The ability of prescribed fire to control silktree is likely limited and is discussed in Fire Management Considerations.
Prevention: Reducing seed sources and disturbances have been suggested to help prevent the spread of silktree. The Southern Region of the US Forest Service prohibits planting silktree on National Forest lands [117]. Using natives instead of silktree for ornamental planting has been recommend [28,111], and Swearingen and others [111] provide a list of alternate native species for planting. For an example of selecting and implementing a weed risk assessment, see Jefferson and others [58]. In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, reducing anthropogenic disturbance was suggested to limit silktree establishment [8].
Cultural: No information is available on this topic.
Physical and/or mechanical: Effective mechanical treatments typically involve repeated girdling or cutting of silktree close to the ground before seed production. Repeated cutting or cutting in combination with herbicide application is necessary to control sprouting [9,111,126]. For example, in experimental plots in North Carolina silktree coppiced in February grew to an average height of 54 inches (137.7 cm) by the end of June. A cutting height of 10 inches (25 cm) significantly (P=0.013) decreased herbage mass production compared to a cutting height of 20 inches (50 cm) [1]. Results of another experiment suggest that silktrees cut to 4 inches (10 cm) 2 or 3 times per growing season had shorter life spans than those cut at 20 inches (50 cm) or higher. Despite the difference, silktrees cut to 4 inches survived an average of 641 days [99]. Swearingen and others [111] recommend cutting silktree at ground level. Several reviews [9,111,126] recommend cutting before seed production to prevent seed dispersal.
Seedlings up to 4 inches (10 cm) have been controlled by regular mowing [8], and seedlings up to 10 inches (25 cm) can be pulled by hand [25]. Effective hand-pulling of silktree requires removal of the entire root [9,126].
Biological: Research into appropriate biological control agents was lacking as of 2008. A root fungus [9], a bruchid beetle (Bruchidae) [24,89], and a psyllid [120] apparently impact silktree to some extent, but there were no data on their potential as biological control agents.
Silktree is susceptible to a Fusarium root fungus, which causes vascular wilting and typically results in rapid mortality [9,30,40,96,123]. Silktree strains that are resistant to the fungus are available [74,116]. The use of this root fungus to control silktree could be limited, depending on the extent to which these strains have established in native plant communities.
Bruchid beetles infested 21% of silktree seeds in a germination study [89], and DeLoach [24] suggests bruchid beetles may be a useful biological control for silktree.
The introduced psyllid Acizzia jamatonica is apparently an obligate feeder of Albizia and was documented in Clarke County, Georgia, in 2006 [120].
Chemical: Herbicides are often used to control silktree sprouting following mechanical treatments [25], or as a basal bark application on larger trees. Trees larger than 3 inches (1.2 cm) in diameter may require retreatment [71]. Recommended herbicides and applications for silktree saplings and large trees are described in several reviews [9,25,71,83,126]. See the Weed control methods handbook for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.
Integrated management: Information on integrated management of woody eastern weeds is reviewed by Webster and others [127]. Miller [82] recommends integrated control for several southeastern weeds, including silktree. It is apparently common to combine mechanical and chemical treatments to control existing silktree trees and prevent sprouting [9,111,126]. Used in conjunction with preventative measures, this would reduce the risk of silktree spreading into new sites [8,111,117].Fuels: As of 2010, no information was available regarding differences in fuel conditions on sites with and without silktree. The Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force gave silktree a flammability rating of "medium"; the basis of this rating was not clearly described [4]. Observations by Miller (personal communication [84]) suggest that little fuel persists under silktree into winter.
FIRE REGIMES: No information was available (as of 2010) on FIRE REGIMES in plant communities where silktree is native. In its nonnative North American range, information regarding plant communities in which silktree is invasive is also lacking. Silktree is most often described as occurring in areas of anthropogenic disturbance and along edges of native, second-growth forests that were either logged or cleared for agriculture at some earlier time (see Habitat Types and Plant Communities), and where presettlemet FIRE REGIMES are no longer functioning. Many of the vegetation types in which silktree occurs (oak-hickory, pine, mixed pine-hardwood) have presettlement FIRE REGIMES characterized by relatively frequent, low-severity fires. Silktree also occurs in riparian forests, where presettlement FIRE REGIMES were thought to be characterized by infrequent fires (see the Fire Regime Table). Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Given its regeneration strategies and successional status (see Fire adaptations), silktree seems well adapted to establish after fire and to persist under a regime of frequent fire. Silktree occurs in communities that are managed with frequent fire [49,121,125], but it also occurs in areas where fire has been excluded for several decades [91,110,121].
The scientific name of silktree is Albizia julibrissin Durazz (Fabaceae) [39,40,61,123,128]. It is fairly common to find the genus spelled Albizzia [31,32,63,92,115]. Although not the original spelling [56,73], it is likely used because the genus is named in honor of Fillippo delgi Albizzia, who introduced silktree to Tuscany, Italy [20,73]. Some systematists include silktree in the Mimosaceae family [7].
Infrataxa:
Albizia julibrissin var. rosea (Carr.) Mouillef, Hardy silk-tree albizia
Albizia julibrissin var. mollis Benth, Abyssinia silk-tree albizia [123]
These infrataxa are rarely distinguished in the literature and are not referred to in this review.
Albizia julibrissin, n'español Árbol de la seda[1] o Acacia de Constantinopla, anque nun ye una verdadera Acacia, sinón una especie d'un xéneru próximu (Albizia) perteneciente a la mesma subfamilia Mimosoideae, dientro de la familia Fabaceae.
Árbol caducifoliu que puede llegar a los 15 m d'altor, con copa ancha y abierta y de ramines, raquis y inflorescencia tomentosos. La corteza ye de color gris escuru y torna a color verdosu con rayes verticales a midida qu'avieya. Les fueyes, d'axustes caduques más pequeñes que los foliolus, son bipinnaes, de 20-45 cm de llargu y 12-25 cm d'anchu, estremada en 6-12 pares de pinnas, cada unu con 20-30 pares de foliolus oblongos, de 1-1,5 cm de llargu y 2-4 mm anchu, col nerviu principal bien movíu faía enriba (cuasi confundíu col cantu) y los sos peciolulos enllantaos na superficie cimera del raquis secundariu, pa facilitar el zarru de dichos foliolus n'ausencia de lluz. Inflorescencies de cabeces globoses dispuestes en panícules terminales de flores, ensertaes nun receptáculu subesférico, con mota tubular pubescente d'unos 3 mm discretamente penta-lobuláu, y con corola tamién pubescente sub-centimétrica con 5 lóbulos deltoides de 1,5 mm. Una o más flores del centru de la cabezuela floral -xeneralmente solo una- tienen la mota y el tubu estaminal abondo más grandes, y sobresalen claramente de la inflorescencia; amás el so antesis ye más precoz que la de les restantes. Los filamentos de los estames, que son exertos y soldaos na so base, son de color rosa-violáceo nel so parte apical, de 2-3cm y con anteres diminutes. El frutu ye una llegume glabra y estruyida, ensin tabiques, de 10-15 por 1-3 cm, verdes de primeres y de color pardu y con testura membranácea al maurecer, con dehiscencia elástica -lo cual fai que les granes sían espulsaes a cierta distancia del árbol[2]-, con granes daqué esplanaes de color marrón escuru nel maduror, de forma ovoide, dispuestes de forma tresversal perpendicular a la exa d'allargamientu de la llegume, con funículo filiforme naciendo de la sutura esterna del frutu, daqué retorcigañáu nel so estremu distal, desaxeradamente fráxil, d'implantación daqué movida lateralmente respectu al ápiz de la grana y con clara línea fisural. Diches granes pueden algamar un númberu de 35-40 en cada llegume, anque usualmente nun pasen de 10-15. [3][2]
Ye orixinaria del sureste y este d'Asia, dende l'este d'Irán hasta China y Corea. Introducir n'Europa a mediaos del sieglu XVIII.
Na naturaleza, l'árbol tiende a crecer n'llanures seques, nos valles de sable, y les tierres altes. Convirtióse nuna especie invasora nel Xapón y los Estaos Xuníos, nesti postreru bien estendíu dende'l sur de Nueva York, Nueva Jersey, y al oeste de Connecticut a Misuri y Illinois y al sur de la Florida y Texas, tamién se cultiva en California y Oregón, pero ellí nun son invasivas. Tamién crez n'Europa, por casu, en Crimea.
La corteza usar pa curar firíes y como antihelmíntica. Les granes úsense como alimentu pal ganáu y la fauna montesa, y les flores, dulcemente arumaes, son una fonte de néctar pa les abeyes.
Los estractos en dosis altes de A. julibrissin atopóse que tienen efeutos antidepresivos en mures, bien probablemente mediaos pol receptor 5-HT1A.[4] Na medicina tradicional china Albizzia jublibrissin (合欢花He Huan Hua) utilizar pa alimentar el corazón y aselar l'espíritu.[5][6]
Albizia julibrissin describióse por Antonio Durazzini y espublizóse en Magazzino toscanu 3(4): 11, 1772.[7]
Hai dos variedaes aceptaes, los otros taxones infraespecíficos descritos son meres sinonimies de la especie, o bien d'otres especies de Albizia:
Acacia de Constantinopla, Albizia, Árbol de la seda, Parasol de la China, Árbol de Constantinopla, Acacia de Persia, Acacia taperera.[12]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Albizia julibrissin, n'español Árbol de la seda o Acacia de Constantinopla, anque nun ye una verdadera Acacia, sinón una especie d'un xéneru próximu (Albizia) perteneciente a la mesma subfamilia Mimosoideae, dientro de la familia Fabaceae.
Bu növə Cənubi Qafqaz, Krım, Ukrayna, Orta Asiya, İtaliya, İran, Türkiyə, Fransa, Koreya, Şimali Amerikada təsadüf edilir. Növə bəzən Güləbrişin və ya Lənkəran akasiyası da deyilir.
Zoğları yaşıl rəngli, hamar qabıqlıdır. Geniş çətirli, hündürlüyü 18-20 m-ə, diametri 30-40 sm-ə çatan ortaboylu ağacdır. Gövdəsinin qabığı boz rəngli, uzununa çatlıdır. Yarpaqlar növbəli düzülmüş, ikiqat, cütlələkvari, uzunluğu 18-25 sm-dir. Çiçəkləri xırda, 5 şüalı, başcıqvari çiçək qrupu əmələ gətirir. Çiçək qrupları iri, mürəkkəb süpürgələrdə birləşir. Başcıq çiçək qrupunun kənarlarında erkəkcikli, mərkəzində isə ikicinsli çiçəklər yerləşir. Erkəkcikli çiçəklərin çiçək yanlığı yaşılımtıl-sarı rəngdədir. İkicinsli çiçəklərin tacı isə uzun boruşəkilli, kasacıqdan 8-10 dəfə uzun, xaricdən ipəkvari tüklərlə örtülüdür. Erkəkciklər sayca çoxdur, uzun (30-35 mm), nazik saplı, tacdan çox irəli çıxmış, çəhrayı rəngdə olub, boru şəklində birləşmişdir. Tozluqları xırda, dörd kameralı, sarıdır. Salxıma oxşar tozcuq qovuqlarına yapışıqdır. Dişiciyi bir, telvari sütunludur. Paxlalar yastı, xətvari, çılpaq, 16-20 sm uzunluqda və 20-25 mm enindədir.
İşıq, istisevən, quraqlığadavamlı, torpağa az tələbkar, tez böyüyən bitkidir.
Əsasən Talış ərazisində yayılmışdır. Bakı, Gəncə, Astara, Lənkəran, Kür-Araz ovalığı, Samur və Şabran rayonlarında mədəni şəraitdə becərilir. Azərbaycan Respublikasının “Qırmızı kitab”ına daxil edilmişdir (1989).
Dekorativ, ballı bitkidir, xoş ətirlidir. Qabığında 7-8% aşı maddəsi, saponin, həmçinin boyaq maddəsi vardır. Qabığından alınmış cövhərdən xalq təbabətində istifadə edilir.
Azərbaycan Dendroflorası III cild-Bakı:"Elm",2016,400 səh. T.S.Məmmədov
L'acàcia de Constantinoble, acàcia taperera o arbre de les sedes (Albizia julibrissin) és una espècie d'arbre natiu del sud i est d'Àsia des d'Iran fins a l'est de la Xina i Corea.
Es fa servir com a arbre d'alineació en jardineria (també a Barcelona).
El gènere Albizia (incorrectament "Albizzia") rep el nom del noble italià Filippo del Albizzi qui va introduir aquestes plantes. Pel que fa al nom específic julibrissin és una corrupció del persa gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم) que significa "flor de seda".
Les seves fulles es tanquen de nit o quan plou com si dormissin i en alguns idiomes el seu nom comú fa referència a aquest fet.
Arbre al c/Armengol de Barcelona
Una acàcia de Constantinoble a Sebastopol
Albizia julibrissin f. rosea té les flors més acolorides queA. julibrissin
Foliols tancats de nit
Els fuits en beina.
Detall de la floració
L'acàcia de Constantinoble, acàcia taperera o arbre de les sedes (Albizia julibrissin) és una espècie d'arbre natiu del sud i est d'Àsia des d'Iran fins a l'est de la Xina i Corea.
Es fa servir com a arbre d'alineació en jardineria (també a Barcelona).
El gènere Albizia (incorrectament "Albizzia") rep el nom del noble italià Filippo del Albizzi qui va introduir aquestes plantes. Pel que fa al nom específic julibrissin és una corrupció del persa gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم) que significa "flor de seda".
Les seves fulles es tanquen de nit o quan plou com si dormissin i en alguns idiomes el seu nom comú fa referència a aquest fet.
Albízie růžová (Albizia julibrissin) je druh rostlin z čeledi bobovité (Fabaceae). Vyznačuje se dvakrát zpeřenými listy a kulovitým květenstvím s nápadnými tyčinkami. Druh je pěstován v teplých krajích jako okrasné rostliny, je původní v mírném a subtropickém pásu Asie. Druh je mrazuvzdorný do -15 °C.
Podle biolib.cz je pro druh s označením Albizia julibrissin používáno více rozdílných názvů, například:[1]
Některé zdroje pro druh s označením albízie růžová používají jiný název - albície hedvábná [2] nebo kapinice, perská akácie.[3]
Druh je rozšířen v mírném a subtropickém pásmu Asie. Údaje o přesném původním rozšíření se v různých zdrojích rozcházejí. Předpokládaný původní areál sahá od Íránu nebo Turecka přes Kavkaz, Indický subkontinent a část Indočíny po východní Čínu nebo Japonsko.[4][5][6] Jako neofyt je rychle šířícím invazivním druhem v Severní Americe.
V druhé polovině 18. století byl druh přivezen z Asie do Evropy italským šlechticem Filippo degli Albizzi po němž byl rod rostlin pojmenován. V Evropě je pěstovaným druhem, v ČR se pěstuje jako mobilní zeleň s přezimováním v oranžerii. Ovšem s ohledem na vývoj klimatu (oteplování v ČR) lze již tento výrazně teplomilný druh považovat za otužilý v běžných zimách a v teplých polohách ČR. Je nabízen prodejci k pěstování ve volné půdě.[3]
Je pěstováno několik kultivarů a také forma A. julibrissin f. rosea. Některými taxonomy jsou rozlišovány dva poddruhy:
A. julibrissin je malý opadavý strom, který roste do výšky 5-16 metrů (16-52 ft), s menší širokou korunou.
Borka je tmavě zelenavě šedé barvy, starší borka je svisle pruhovaná.
Listy připomínají listy kapradin, jsou složeny z dvojitě zpeřených lístků, 20-45 cm dlouhé a 12 do 25 cm široké, rozdělené do 6-12 párů. Lístky jsou podlouhlé, 1-1,5 cm dlouhé a 2-4 cm široké. Na řapíku a střední ose listu bývají charakteristické žlázky. Palisty bývají drobné a opadavé. Rostliny jsou obvykle bez trnů.
Kvete po celé léto v hustých květenstvích. Oboupohlavné drobné pravidelné květy jsou uspořádány v kulovitých hlávkách skládajících úžlabní nebo vrcholové laty. Květy jsou nejčastěji růžové. Kalich je zvonkovitý až nálevkovitý a zakončený 5 zuby. Koruna je drobná, nálevkovitá, v horní části pětilaločnatá. Tyčinek je mnoho, jsou nápadné, bílé, růžové, červené nebo purpurové, dlouze vyčnívající z květů. Nitky tyčinek jsou na bázi srostlé. Semeník je kopinatý až čárkovitý a obsahuje několik vajíček. Čnělka je dlouhá, většinou delší než tyčinky, a je zakončena drobnou bliznou.
Květy jsou atraktivní pro včely, motýly a kolibříky. Plod je plochý hnědý lusk 10-20 cm dlouhý a 2 až 2,5 cm široký, obsahující několik semen.
Plody jsou ploché, převislé, často papírovitě tenké, nepukavé nebo pukající po delší době. U některých druhů plody vytrvávají na stromě po mnoho měsíců
Druh je pěstován jako okrasná dřevina.
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Albizia julibrissin na anglické Wikipedii.
Galerie albízie růžová ve Wikimedia Commons Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu albízie růžová ve Wikimedia Commons
Albízie růžová (Albizia julibrissin) je druh rostlin z čeledi bobovité (Fabaceae). Vyznačuje se dvakrát zpeřenými listy a kulovitým květenstvím s nápadnými tyčinkami. Druh je pěstován v teplých krajích jako okrasné rostliny, je původní v mírném a subtropickém pásu Asie. Druh je mrazuvzdorný do -15 °C.
Der Seidenbaum (Albizia julibrissin) (auch Seidenakazie oder Schlafbaum, weil er nachts oder bei Trockenheit seine Blätter zusammenklappt, also „schläft“) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Albizia, die zur Unterfamilie der Mimosengewächse (Mimosoideae) innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae) gehört.
Seinen Namen erhielt der Seidenbaum wegen seiner vielen seidigen, cremeweißen, hell- bis dunkelrosa Staubblätter; sie sind bei diesen Blüten am auffälligsten. Darauf verweist auch das Artepitheton julibrissin, eine Wiedergabe des persischen gole abrisham (گل ابریشم), ins Deutsche übersetzt etwa „Seidenflocke“ oder „Seidenblüte“. Der Gattungsname Albizia bezieht sich auf Filippo degli Albizzi, einen Adligen aus Florenz, der 1749 als erster die Pflanze über Konstantinopel mit nach Europa brachte[1], weshalb er auf Französisch auch unter den Namen Acacia de Constantinople oder Mimosa de Constantinople bekannt ist[2].
Im Persischen und im Japanischen trägt die Pflanze auch Namen, die auf die Eigenschaft hinweisen, dass die Blätter sich nachts schließen und bei Tagesanbruch sich wieder öffnen, im Persischen Schabkhosb (شبخسب, „Nachtschläfer“) und Japanisch Nemunoki („Schlafender Baum“).
Albizia julibrissin wächst als laubabwerfender Strauch oder Baum. Unter idealen Umständen erreicht der Baum eine Wuchshöhe von 6 bis 8 Metern. Die Borke ist dunkelgrau. Die Rinde an jungen Zweigen besitzt gelblich-braune Haare. Der Seidenbaum ist kurzlebig und wird selten älter als dreißig Jahre. Die Baumkrone ist breit ausladend und flach gewölbt.
Die wechselständigen und gestielten Laubblätter sind 20 bis 30 cm lang und zweifach gefiedert mit 4 bis 15 Paaren mehr oder weniger ungestielter Fiedern erster Ordnung. Die Fiedern erster Ordnung besitzen jeweils 10 bis 30 Paar Fiederblättchen zweiter Ordnung, die eine Länge von 7 bis 15 cm aufweisen. Die Unterseite der sichelförmigen und 5 bis 18 mm langen und etwa 3 bis 7 mm breiten Fiederblättchen ist entlang der Mittelrippe behaart. Die Nebenblätter sind 7 bis 8 mm lang.
Die einzeln oder zu zweit bis dritt angeordneten, auf einem 3,5 bis 7 cm langen Blütenstandsschaft stehenden kugeligen, köpfchenförmigen Blütenstände weisen einen Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 3 cm auf. Das Hochblatt ist etwa 3 bis 6 mm lang. Der Blütenstiel ist etwa 1 bis 2 mm lang. Die Blüten sind zwittrig. Die Kelchblätter sind zu einer etwa 3 bis 4 mm langen Röhre verwachsen mit nur kurzen Kelchzähnen. Sie besitzen nur zurückgebildete, verwachsene Kronblätter, die nur 7 bis 8 mm lang und außen behaart sind. Die 2,5 bis 3,2 cm langen Staubblätter sind zu einer Röhre verwachsen; sie ist etwa so lang wie die Kronröhre.
Die bis zur Reife behaarte und zuletzt hellbraune oder gelbliche Hülsenfrucht ist 7,5 bis 12,5 cm lang und etwa 1,5 bis 2,5 cm breit. Sie enthält acht bis zwölf Samen.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 26.[3]
In der Gattung der Albizia ist Albizia julibrissin die Art, die am weitesten in den gemäßigten Klimazonen verbreitet ist. Diese Baumart ist winterhart bis etwa −15 °C. Der Seidenbaum ist vom Iran bis ins östliche China verbreitet.
In Nordamerika wird der Seidenbaum als Zierpflanze in Parks und Gärten verwendet. In einigen Bundesstaaten ist diese Art als Gartenflüchtling verwildert und zählt zu den invasiven Neophyten.
Der Seidenbaum (Albizia julibrissin) (auch Seidenakazie oder Schlafbaum, weil er nachts oder bei Trockenheit seine Blätter zusammenklappt, also „schläft“) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Albizia, die zur Unterfamilie der Mimosengewächse (Mimosoideae) innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae) gehört.
Η Ακακία Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (επιστημονική ονομασία Albizia julibrissin, Αλβιζία η ροδομέταξος ή Αλβιζία η γιουλιβρισίμη) ή γκιουλμπρισίμ είναι είδος δέντρου που κατάγεται από την νοτιοδυτική και ανατολική Ασία, από το Ιράν μέχρι την Ιαπωνία. Το δέντρο χρησιμοποιείται συχνά για καλλωπιστικούς σκοπούς. Ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Χεδρωπών.
Παρά το γεγονός ότι αποκαλείται «Ακακία», το δέντρο δεν ανήκει στο γένος της Ακακίας, αλλά στο γένος Αλβιζία. Το γένος πήρε το όνομά του από τον Ιταλό ευγενή Φιλίππο ντεγλι Αλμπίτσι, ο οποίος θεωρείται ότι το εισήγαγε στην Ευρώπη στα μέσα του 18ου αιώνα. Ο όρος γιουλιβρισίμ είναι μια παραφθορά της περσικής λέξης γκουλ-ι αμπρισάμ (گل ابریشم), η οποία σημαίνει «μεταξένιο λουλούδι» (η λέξη γκουλ σημαίνει λουλούδι και το αμπρισάμ μετάξι). Το φυτό αποκαλείται επίσης και «Μιμόζα» παρά το γεγονός ότι δεν ανήκει στο ομώνυμο γένος.
Το γκιουλμπρισίμ είναι φυλλοβόλο σχετικά μικρό δέντρο, με ύψος από 5 μέχρι 12 μέτρα. Έχει μια μεγάλη κόμη σε σχήμα ομπρέλλας. Ο φλοιός του δέντρου έχει σκούρο πρασινωπό γκρι χρώμα και αποκτά κατακόρυφες ραβδώσεις όσο το δέντρο μεγαλώνει. Τα φύλλα του δέντρου είναι διπτεροειδή, με 20 έως 45 εκατοστά μήκος και 12 με 25 εκατοστά πλάτος. Αποτελούνται από 6 με 12 ζεύγη από φύλλα πτεροειδούς μορφής, τα οποία με τη σειρά τους αποτελούνται από 15 με 30 ζεύγη ωοειδών φυλλαρίων, τα οποία έχουν μήκος από 6 μέχρι 15 χιλιοστά και πλάτος 2 με 4 χιλιοστά. Τα φύλλα του έχουν την ιδιότητα να κλείνουν το βράδυ. Το γκιουλμπρισίμ έχει πυκνή και παρατεταμένη ανθοφορία, η οποία διαρκεί όλο το καλοκαίρι. Τα άνθη βρίσκονται σε βότρεις και δεν έχουν πέταλα, αλλά μόνο ένα πυκνό σχηματισμό από στήμονες με μήκος 2 με 3 εκατοστά. Έχουν λευκό-ροζ χρώμα, με τη βάση να είναι πιο λευκή, ελαφρύ άρωμα και εμφάνιση σαν ίνες από μετάξι. Τα λουλούδια του είναι γνωστά ότι προσελκύουν μέλισσες, πεταλούδες και κολιμπρί. Ο καρπός του δέντρου είναι ένας επίπεδος καφέ χέδρωπας με μήκος από 10 μέχρι 25 εκατοστά και πλάτος 2 με 3.[1][2]
Το πλούσιο φύλλωμά του και η παρατεταμένη ανθοφορία του καθιστούν το γκιουλμπρισίμ ένα δημοφιλές καλλωπιστικό φυτό.[2] Ως φυτό δεν έχει ιδιαίτερες απαιτήσεις όσον αφορά το έδαφος και μπορεί να αναπτυχθεί κοντά στη θάλασσα και σε εδάφη με υψηλή αλατότητα ή pH. Το καλύτερο έδαφος θεωρείται το ελαφρώς όξινο έυφορο και με καλή αποστράγγιξη. Είναι φωτόφυτο αλλά μπορεί να αναπτυχθεί σε μετρίως σκιαζόμενες θέσεις.[1] Το φυτό μπορεί να αναπτυχθεί σε ξηροθερμικές συνθήκες ενώ είναι το πιο ανθεκτικό στο κρύο είδος Αλβιζιάς.[3]
Η Ακακία Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (επιστημονική ονομασία Albizia julibrissin, Αλβιζία η ροδομέταξος ή Αλβιζία η γιουλιβρισίμη) ή γκιουλμπρισίμ είναι είδος δέντρου που κατάγεται από την νοτιοδυτική και ανατολική Ασία, από το Ιράν μέχρι την Ιαπωνία. Το δέντρο χρησιμοποιείται συχνά για καλλωπιστικούς σκοπούς. Ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Χεδρωπών.
Ефәк сәрви агачы (лат. Albizia julibrissin Durazz.) — күбәләкчәчәклеләр гаиләлегенең Альбиция ыруына караган үсемлекләр төре.
Ефәк сәрви агачы (лат. Albizia julibrissin Durazz.) — күбәләкчәчәклеләр гаиләлегенең Альбиция ыруына караган үсемлекләр төре.
Albizia julibrissin, the Persian silk tree, pink silk tree, or mimosa tree, is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae, native to southwestern Asia and eastern Asia.[1]
The genus is named after the Italian nobleman Filippo degli Albizzi, who introduced it to Europe in the mid-18th century.[2] It is sometimes incorrectly spelled Albizzia. The specific epithet julibrissin is a corruption of the Persian word gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم), which means "silk flower" (from gul گل "flower" + abrisham ابریشم "silk").[2]
Albizia julibrissin was described by Antonio Durazzini. John Gilbert Baker used the same scientific name to refer to Prain's Albizia kalkora, the Mimosa kalkora of William Roxburgh.
Albizia julibrissin is known by a wide variety of common names, such as Persian silk tree and pink siris. It is also called Lankaran acacia or bastard tamarind, though it is not too closely related to either genus. The species is called Chinese silk tree, silk tree or mimosa in the United States, which is misleading—the former can refer to any species of Albizia which is most common in any one locale; and, although once included in Mimosa, neither is it very close to the Mimoseae. To add to the confusion, several species of Acacia, notably Acacia baileyana and Acacia dealbata, are also known as "mimosa" (especially in floristry), and many Fabaceae trees with highly divided leaves are called thus in horticulture.
Its leaves slowly close during the night and during periods of rain, the leaflets bowing downward; thus its modern Persian name shabkhosb (شبخسب) means "night sleeper". This tendency also explains the Chinese common name hehuan, which means "shut happy" and symbolizes a happy couple in bed.[3] In Japan its common names are nemunoki, nemurinoki and nenenoki which all mean "sleeping tree". Nemu tree is a partial translation of nemunoki.
Albizia julibrissin is a small deciduous tree with a broad crown of level or arching branches, growing to 5–16 m (16–52 ft) tall.[3] Its bark is dark greenish grey, becoming vertically striped with age. Its leaves are large and frond-like: They are bipinnate, divided into 6–12 pairs of pinnae, each with 20–30 pairs of leaflets. Individual leaflets are oblong, 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) long and 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) broad. The true leaves are 20–45 cm (8–18 in) long and 12–25 cm (5–10 in) broad.
The flowers bloom throughout the summer in dense inflorescences, which resemble starbursts of pink silky threads. The true flowers have small calyx and corolla (except the central ones), with a tight cluster of prominent stamens, 2–3 cm long and white or pink with a white base. They have been observed to attract bees, butterflies and hummingbirds.[2] Its fruit is a flat brown pod 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1.0 in) broad, containing several seeds inside.
There are two varieties:
Original habitats of the tree include regions from Iran (Persia) and the Republic of Azerbaijan to China and Korea.[4]
A. julibrissin is widely planted as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens, grown for its fine leaf texture, flowers and attractive horizontal canopy. Other positive attributes are a fast growth rate, low water requirements and the ability to thrive planted in full sun in hot summer climates.[5] It is frequently planted in semi-arid areas like California's Central Valley, central Texas and Oklahoma. Although capable of surviving drought, growth will be stunted and the tree tends to look sickly. As such it should be given infrequent, deep waterings during the summer, which will benefit growth and flowering.[5]
The broad crown of a mature tree makes it useful for providing dappled shade. The flower colour varies from white in A. julibrissin f. alba, to rich red-tipped flowers. Variants with cream or pale yellow flowers are also reported. Other cultivars are becoming available: 'Summer Chocolate' has red foliage ageing to dark bronze, with pale pink flowers; 'Ishii Weeping' (or 'Pendula') has a drooping growth habit.
There is also a form, A. julibrissin f. rosea (pink silk tree) which has, in the past, been classed either as a variety or as a cultivar. This is a smaller tree, only growing to 5–7 metres (16–23 ft) tall, with the flowers always pink. Native to the northeast of the species' range in Korea and Northern China, it is more cold-tolerant than the typical form, surviving temperatures down to at least −25 °C (−13 °F). The selected cultivar A. julibrissin 'Ernest Wilson' (also known as 'E.H.Wilson' or 'Rosea') is a cold-tolerant tree with deep pink flower colour. In Japan, A. julibrissin f. rosea is often used for non-traditional bonsai. The name nemunoki* (ねむの木, Kanji: 合歓木) and its variants is a kigo representing the summer in haiku, especially a sleepy summer evening.[6]
A. julibrissin f. rosea has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit;[7] likewise the cultivar 'Summer Chocolate'.[8]
Silk tree wood may be used to make furniture.[9]
In the wild, the tree tends to grow in dry plains, sandy valleys, and uplands. It has become an invasive species in the United States, where it has spread from southern New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, west to Missouri and Illinois, and south to Florida and Texas. It is cultivated in California and Oregon. Its seeds are wind-dispersed and numerous, and they are fertile even over long periods of drought. Each pod, which resembles a flattened bean pod made of paper, holds about 8 seeds on average. The pod bursts in strong winds, and the seeds can carry over surprisingly long distances.
Breeding work is currently underway in the United States to produce ornamental plants which will not set seed and can be planted without risk. However, in the eastern United States it is generally a short-lived tree, being highly susceptible to mimosa vascular wilt,[10] a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium, though the disease does not seem to have seriously impacted its populations. Because of its invasive tendencies and disease susceptibility, it is rarely recommended as an ornamental plant in the United States, though it is still widely planted in parts of Europe.
Albizia julibrissin, the Persian silk tree, pink silk tree, or mimosa tree, is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae, native to southwestern Asia and eastern Asia.
The genus is named after the Italian nobleman Filippo degli Albizzi, who introduced it to Europe in the mid-18th century. It is sometimes incorrectly spelled Albizzia. The specific epithet julibrissin is a corruption of the Persian word gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم), which means "silk flower" (from gul گل "flower" + abrisham ابریشم "silk").
Albizia julibrissin was described by Antonio Durazzini. John Gilbert Baker used the same scientific name to refer to Prain's Albizia kalkora, the Mimosa kalkora of William Roxburgh.
Albizia julibrissin, en español árbol de la seda,[1] acacia de flores sedosas[2] o acacia de Constantinopla, aunque no es una verdadera Acacia, sino una especie de un género próximo (Albizia) perteneciente a la misma subfamilia Mimosoideae, dentro de la familia Fabaceae.
Árbol caducifolio que puede llegar a los 15 m de altura, con copa ancha y abierta y de ramitas, raquis y inflorescencia tomentosos. La corteza es de color gris oscuro y torna a color verdoso con rayas verticales a medida que envejece. Las hojas, de estipulas caducas más pequeñas que los folíolos, son bipinnadas, de 20-45 cm de largo y 12-25 cm de ancho, dividida en 6-12 pares de pinnas, cada uno con 20-30 pares de folíolos oblongos, de 1-1,5 cm de largo y 2-4 mm ancho, con el nervio principal muy desplazado hacía arriba (casi confundido con el borde) y sus peciolulos implantados en la superficie superior del raquis secundario, para facilitar el cierre de dichos folíolos en ausencia de luz. Inflorescencias de cabezas globosas dispuestas en panículas terminales de flores, insertadas en un receptáculo subesférico, con cáliz tubular pubescente de unos 3 mm discretamente penta-lobulado, y con corola también pubescente sub-centimétrica con 5 lóbulos deltoides de 1,5 mm. Una o más flores del centro de la cabezuela floral -generalmente solo una- tienen el cáliz y el tubo estaminal bastante más grandes, y sobresalen claramente de la inflorescencia; además su antesis es más precoz que la de las restantes. Los filamentos de los estambres, que son exertos y soldados en su base, son de color rosa-violáceo en su parte apical, de 2-3cm y con anteras diminutas. El fruto es una legumbre glabra y comprimida, sin tabiques, de 10-15 por 1-3 cm, verdes al principio y de color pardo y con textura membranácea al madurar, con dehiscencia elástica -lo cual hace que las semillas sean expulsadas a cierta distancia del árbol[3]-, con semillas algo aplanadas de color marrón oscuro en la madurez, de forma ovoide, dispuestas de forma transversal perpendicular al eje de alargamiento de la legumbre, con funículo filiforme naciendo de la sutura externa del fruto, algo retorcido en su extremo distal, extremadamente frágil, de implantación algo desplazada lateralmente respecto al ápice de la semilla y con clara línea fisural. Dichas semillas pueden alcanzar un número de 35-40 en cada legumbre, aunque usualmente no pasan de 10-15. [4][3]
Es originaria del sureste y este de Asia, desde el este de Irán hasta China y Corea.[5]
A mediados del siglo XVIII, se introdujo en Europa donde está ampliamente cultivada como árbol ornamental, tanto en ambiente urbano como en zonas ajardinadas.
En la naturaleza, el árbol tiende a crecer en llanuras secas, en los valles de arena, y las tierras altas.
Se encuentra extensamente por la geografía española; desde Gerona hasta Cádiz crecen ejemplares de Albizia julibrissin.[6]
Se ha convertido en una especie invasora en Japón y en los Estados Unidos; en este último muy extendido desde el sur de Nueva York, Nueva Jersey, y al oeste de Connecticut a Misuri e Illinois y al sur de la Florida y Texas. También se cultiva en California y Oregón, pero allí no son invasivas.[cita requerida]
La corteza se usa para curar heridas y como antihelmíntica. Las semillas se usan como alimento para el ganado y la fauna silvestre, y las flores, dulcemente perfumadas, son una fuente de néctar para las abejas.
Los extractos en dosis altas de A. julibrissin se ha encontrado que poseen efectos antidepresivos en ratones, muy probablemente mediados por el receptor 5-HT1A.[7] En la medicina tradicional china Albizzia julibrissin (合欢花He Huan Hua) se utiliza para alimentar el corazón y calmar el espíritu.[8][9]
Albizia julibrissin fue descrita por Antonio Durazzini y publicado en Magazzino toscano 3(4): 11, 1772.[10]
Hay dos variedades aceptadas, los otros taxones infraespecíficos descritos son meras sinonimias de la especie, o bien de otras especies de Albizia:
Acacia de Constantinopla, Albizia, Árbol de la seda, Parasol de la China, Árbol de Constantinopla, Acacia de Persia, Acacia taperera.[15]
Albizia julibrissin, en español árbol de la seda, acacia de flores sedosas o acacia de Constantinopla, aunque no es una verdadera Acacia, sino una especie de un género próximo (Albizia) perteneciente a la misma subfamilia Mimosoideae, dentro de la familia Fabaceae.
Zeta zuhaitza edo Konstantinoplako akazia (Albizia julibrissin) Fabaceae familiako zuhaitz hosto-erorkorra da. Jatorriz Asia hego-mendebalde eta ekialdekoa, mundu zabalean hedatua dago gizakiaren eraginez. Apaingarritzat erabilia da, albizia mota honek lore ederrak baititu, ponpoi arrosa itxurakoak, eta eite zabal eta hosto arinak baititu, itzalpe leuna emanez. Baina erraz bertakotzen denez, ugalketa sexual eta asexual emankorrak lagunduta, munduko hainbat eskualdetan landare inbaditzailetzat hartzen da, batez ere AEBetan.
Espezie honek sinonimo ugari ditu edo izan ditu:
Azpi-espezie, barietate eta kultibar ugari deskribatu dira: lore kolorearen arabera (arrosa, zuria, horia edo gorria), hosto kolorearen arabera (berdea, brontzea, gorrixka) eta eitearen arabera (eroria, zapala...)
Zeta zuhaitza edo Konstantinoplako akazia (Albizia julibrissin) Fabaceae familiako zuhaitz hosto-erorkorra da. Jatorriz Asia hego-mendebalde eta ekialdekoa, mundu zabalean hedatua dago gizakiaren eraginez. Apaingarritzat erabilia da, albizia mota honek lore ederrak baititu, ponpoi arrosa itxurakoak, eta eite zabal eta hosto arinak baititu, itzalpe leuna emanez. Baina erraz bertakotzen denez, ugalketa sexual eta asexual emankorrak lagunduta, munduko hainbat eskualdetan landare inbaditzailetzat hartzen da, batez ere AEBetan.
Silkkialbitsia (Albizia julibrissin) on hernekasveihin kuuluva pienikokoinen puu, jota kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Aasiassa maanosan lounaisosista itäosiin.
Silkkialbitsia on sateenvarjon muotoinen puu, joka kasvaa 6–10 metriä korkeaksi ja leveäksi. Sen lehvästö on avoin, minkä ansiosta valo pääse siitä läpi ja kasvin juurella voi kasvaa ruohoja. Puun kaarna on lähes sileää, väriltään se vaihtelee vaaleanruskesta harmaaseen.[1]
Silkkialbitsian kukat muistuttavat silkkinauhaisia pom-poneja. Ne tuoksuvat hyvältä ja ovat väriltään vaaleanpunaisia. Lajin hedelmät ovat litteitä harmaanruskeita palkoja, jotka ovat 12–18 senttimetriä pitkiä. Palkot sisältävät ruskeita soikeanmuotoisia siemeniä. Silkkialbitsian lehdet ovat saniaismaisia ja kerrannaisesti pariliuskaisia. Ne voivat olla 50 senttimetriä pitkiä ja muodostua 40–60 noin 6 millimetriä pitkästä lehdykästä.[1] Silkkialbitsia kukkii myöhäiskeväältä alkukesään, esimerkiksi Nepalissa huhtikuulta kesäkuulle. Siemenet kypsyvät elo-syyskuussa ja levittäytyvät pääasiassa vain emopuunsa ympärille, mutta ne voivat kulkeutua kauemmaksikin veden mukana.[2]
Silkkialbitsian luonnonvarainen levinneisyysalue kattaa vyöhykkeen Azerbaidžanista ja Iranista Aasian poikki Japaniin. Sitä kasvaa kuitenkin tulokaslajina myös Kreikassa ja Yhdysvalloissa.[2] Yhdysvaltoihin se tuotiin koristekasvina 1700-luvulla, ja nykyään sitä kasvaa maan itärannikolla Massachusettsissa saakka ja eteläosissa Floridan trooppisia alueita lukuun ottamatta.[3]
Lajia tavataan rannikoilla, ranta-alueilla ja kaupungeissa, kuten tienpientareilla ja käyttämättömillä tonteilla. Se kasvaa vain harvoin metsissä, vaikka sitä joskus tavataan metsittyneillä alueilla. Se tarvitsee paljon auringonvaloa ja kestää kuivuutta, tuulta ja suolaisuutta. Silkkialbitsia voi kasvaa monenlaisella maaperällä, kuten savella, hiesulla ja hiekalla. Se kestää myös hieman emäksistä tai hapanta maaperää. Yleensä se kasvaa alle 900 metrin korkeudessa.[1]
Silkkialbitsia (Albizia julibrissin) on hernekasveihin kuuluva pienikokoinen puu, jota kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Aasiassa maanosan lounaisosista itäosiin.
Albizia julibrissin, communément appelé Albizia, Arbre à soie, Acacia de Constantinople ou Mimosa de Constantinople, est une espèce d'arbres à feuillage caduc de la famille des fabacées.
Originaire d'Asie de l'Est et du Sud, l'Albizia a été répandu par l'homme sur presque tous les continents. Apprécié pour ses qualités ornementales, cet albizia possède une floraison très décorative sous forme de pompons roses et son feuillage découpé ainsi que son port étalé lui permettent de fournir un ombrage léger.
Sa capacité à se naturaliser facilement, doublée d'une reproduction intensive à la fois sur un mode sexué et asexué, ont toutefois rendu cette plante invasive dans plusieurs régions du monde, notamment aux États-Unis.
C'est un arbre qui peut atteindre 3 à 15 m de haut[1] avec un houppier en couronne étalée. Le plus grand spécimen mesuré en 2006 atteignait 20 m de hauteur et sa couronne s'étalait sur 24,5 m d'envergure[1]. La circonférence du tronc à 1 m de hauteur est de 1,95 m. Cette moyenne, mesurée sur les individus de la forêt tropicale située dans le piémont himalayen au niveau de la division de Garhwal, peut être dépassée, notamment par le tronc de l'individu record susnommé qui atteignait 2,62 m de circonférence à 1 m[1].
L'écorce de cet arbre est fine, de couleur gris-vert puis grise, presque lisse, avec des lenticelles blanchâtres. Elle a tendance à former des stries longitudinales en vieillissant. Les racines forment des nodosités capables de fixer le diazote de l'atmosphère en symbiose avec des bactéries appartenant notamment aux genres Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium et Rhizobium[2].
Ses feuilles, caduques, sont de disposition alternes. Très grandes, elles sont composées bipennées, c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont découpées en grandes folioles elles-mêmes découpées en petites foliolules, qui sont souvent prises pour des feuilles. La feuille entière est longue de 15 à 40 cm[1], voire 50 cm[3] et large de 12 à 25 cm[réf. nécessaire]. Elles sont paripennées, ce qui signifie que folioles et foliolules se présentent en nombre pair. Le nombre de folioles varie de 4 à 12 paires, mais peut atteindre 20 paires chez certains cultivars[4]. Le rachis des feuilles et des folioles présentent parfois une glande localisée à 1 ou 2 cm de leur base[4],[5].
Chaque foliole est découpée en 10 à 30 paires de foliolules qui ont une dizaine de millimètres de longueur (de 6 à 18 mm), quelques millimètres de largeur (de 2 à 7) et présentent une nervure principale excentrée vers la marge située du côté terminal de la foliole[1],[4],[5],[6]. Ces foliolules ont une forme oblongue, à la base tronquée et souvent courbées dans la longueur. Elles sont glabre, sauf au niveau des marges qui porte parfois des cils. Le rachis portant folioles et foliolules présente des stipules caduques, de forme allongée, plus petites qu'une foliole (en général 7 ou 8 mm de longueur)[4],[5].
Les inflorescences sont de couleur blanc-rosé, rose-pâle ou rose-rouge. Elles sont isolées ou en grappe de 2 ou 3 et situées à l'extrémité des rameaux. Ce sont des panicules denses portés par un pédoncule de 3,5 à 7 cm de longueur[5]. Un panicule comprend de 15 à 25 fleurs[1] réunies en forme de pompon.
Chaque fleur est portée par un pédicelle de 1 à 2 mm de longueur[5], précédé par une bractée de forme linéaire longue de 3 à 6 mm[5]. La longueur d'une fleur isolée varie de 2,5 à 6 cm[1]. La fleur débute par un calice composé de sépales soudés en tube, non colorés, mesurant de 3 à 4 mm de longueur et s'achevant par cinq dents très courtes, triangulaires[5]. La corolle est réduite : elle est formée de pétales soudés en tube, non colorés, mesurant environ 8 mm de longueur, et dont les 1,5 à 3 derniers millimètres sont libres et forment cinq lobes triangulaires[5],[4].
Ces fleurs sont hermaphrodites. Les organes reproducteurs mâles sont constitués d'un grand nombre d'étamines de 2 à 3 cm de long[4],[5]. Leurs longs filets sont filiformes, blancs à la base, et leur extrémité d'un rose plus ou moins soutenu soutient une anthère très petite. Les filets des étamines sont soudés entre eux à leur base, formant un tube staminal, plus long dans les fleurs centrales que dans les fleurs périphériques. La partie femelle est composée d'un pistil à un seul carpelle, constituant un ovaire uniloculaire, de forme un peu aplatie, contenant plusieurs ovules. Le style, filiforme et non coloré, soutient un stigmate très petit.
Le fruit est une gousse plate, linéaire, de 8 à 20 cm de long et d'1,5 à 3 cm de large[1]. D'abord de couleur verte, cette gousse brunit en mûrissant puis, après dispersion des graines, sa couleur tourne au marron léger et sa consistance devient papyracée. Chaque gousse contient de 5 à 16 graines[1], le plus souvent de 8 à 12[5]. Ces graines de forme ovale deviennent marron en murissant. Elles mesurent de 6 à 12 mm de longueur pour 3 à 6 mm de largeur[1].
La reproduction se fait généralement par voie sexuée par le biais des fleurs, des fruits, et des graines, mais si les parties aériennes sont coupées ou blessées, il peut y avoir une reproduction asexuée par formation de rejets à partir des racines[1]. Chez cette espèce, la formule chromosomique est 2n = 26[4].
La floraison a lieu à la fin du printemps et en été, entre mai et juillet dans l'hémisphère nord[4],[1]. La pollinisation est entomogame ; une autofécondation est impossible[1]. La fécondité de cette espèce est importante, car la production de graines peut atteindre 8 000 graines par individu et par an[1].
La fructification se déroule entre août et octobre, parfois novembre[4],[1].
La durée de vie de l'albizia est variable. Aux États-Unis, elle dépasse rarement 25 ans du fait d'une infection des racines par un champignon du genre Fusarium (voir le paragraphe "Rôle écologique") et s'étale le plus souvent dans une fourchette allant de 10 à 20 ans. Par contre, dans son aire de répartition d'origine, notamment en Corée, sa durée de vie varie généralement entre 30 et 45 ans[1].
Les paires de foliolules se referment la nuit (nyctinastie), mais aussi sous l'effet d'un contact (thigmonastie)[1], caractéristiques que l'albizia partage avec d'autres membres de la sous-famille des mimosoidées. Une étude de 1970 a montré que ce phénomène est dû à des variations de la pression de turgescence des cellules du pulvinus : un flux d'ions potassium quitte les cellules les plus ventrales, qui "dégonflent" du fait de la perte d'eau concomitante, et entre dans les cellules les plus dorsales, dont la pression de turgescence augmente. Cela provoque une fermeture côté ventral[7].
Originaire de l'Asie, de l'Iran et de l'Azerbaïdjan jusqu'à la Corée et au nord de la Chine, cet arbuste a été répandu par l'homme sur presque tous les continents[6].
Cette espèce se naturalise facilement et est aujourd'hui considérée comme une espèce invasive au Japon[réf. nécessaire] ainsi que dans de nombreux états américains où elle a été déclarée indésirable (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Californie, Caroline du Nord, Caroline du Sud, Delaware, Floride, Géorgie, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiane, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Nouveau-Mexique, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvanie, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginie, Virginie-Occidentale)[8]. Des recherches sont actuellement en cours aux États-Unis pour produire des variétés sans graine pouvant être plantées sans risque[réf. nécessaire]. Albizia julibrissin colonise préférentiellement les zones perturbées (bords de route, friches…) mais aussi les zones boisées, notamment les zones ripariennes, alors qu'il se montre peu invasif dans les zones de steppes[1].
Bien qu'un sol humide favorise l'installation des jeunes plants, les individus adultes sont assez résistants à la sécheresse. Ils préfèrent les sols siliceux et sont capables de pousser sur des sols très pauvres, voire infertiles, grâce à leur capacité à fixer le diazote de l'air[1]. Les études menées en Corée sur l'adaptation de cette espèce au pH du sol ont révélé qu'elle supportait des pH variant de 5,7 à 7,9, mais des études menées aux États-Unis sur un site minier du Kentucky, où des albizias poussent sur des rejets de mine à faible pH, ont donné une fourchette variant de 4 à 7,1[1]. La plupart des membres de cette espèce peuvent résister à des températures hivernales de −10 °C[6], voire −25 °C pour certains cultivars. Cependant, ils redoutent les gelées trop importantes et ont une croissance limitée par le froid, ce qui limite leur capacité à pousser en altitude ; aux États-Unis, on ne les trouve jamais au-dessus de 1 000 m[1]. Les études de terrain ont montré qu'ils pouvaient pousser aussi bien sur sol plat que sur des pentes, parfois inclinées jusqu'à 90°[1]. Intolérants à l'ombre, ils tolèrent cependant un ombrage partiel[1].
Les fleurs d’Albizia julibrissin sont butinées pour leur nectar par des abeilles, des papillons, et des oiseaux-mouches[1]. Les graines peuvent éventuellement être consommées par des oiseaux ou des écureuils[1]. Le feuillage est parfois consommé par des herbivores sauvages tels que les cervidés. Des études ont montré que les feuilles ont une composition chimique et une digestibilité proches de celles de la luzerne (Medicago sativa), mais il semble en réalité que les animaux aient peu d'appétence pour cette nourriture, et aient tendance à choisir d'autres ressources si elles sont disponibles[1]. Sauf pour les escargots communs qui apprécient l'écorce et les folioles, quitte à dénuder partiellement le tronc et les feuilles.[réf. nécessaire].
Le champignon Fusarium oxysporum f. perniciosum, présent en Grèce et aux États-Unis, provoque un dépérissement de l'arbre. Certains buprestes du genre Agrilus sont capables de miner le bois de cette espèce. Bruchidius terrenus est un coléoptère parasite de cet albizia présent à Taïwan et en Chine. Deux espèces de champignons, Heterosporium albizziae et Haploravenelia japonica, peuvent provoquer des taches brunes sur les feuilles. Une espèce non identifiée en 2010 de Fusicoccum provoque des chancres. Albizia julibrissin peut aussi subir les attaques d'un nématode, Meloidogyne incognita, au niveau des racines[3].
Selon les auteurs et la classification choisie, Albizia julibrissin peut être placé dans la famille des Mimosaceae ou dans celle des Fabaceae (voir notamment la taxobox).
Le nom générique Albizia a été attribué en 1772 par le médecin et botaniste italien Antonio Durazzini en l'honneur du naturaliste florentin Filippo degli Albizzi qui découvrit cet arbre lors d'une expédition à Constantinople et le rapporta en Europe en 1749[9].
L'épithète scientifique julibrissin est une corruption du mot persan « Gul-i Abrisham » (گل ابریشم), qui se traduit par « fleur à soie ». Albizia julibrissin est aujourd'hui appelé, en Iran, Shabkhosb (شبخسب), qui signifie « le dormeur de nuit ». Au Japon, l'arbre porte les noms de Nemunoki, Nenenoki ou Nemurinoki qui signifient tous « arbre dormeur. » Aux États-Unis, on l'appelle par erreur Mimosa, ou plutôt pink mimosa c'est-à-dire mimosa rose.
Plusieurs sous-espèces, variétés et formes ont été décrites.
Par exemple, Acacia mollis, décrit en 1831 par Nathaniel Wallich, a été désigné comme variété d’Albizia julibrissin sous le nom Acacia julibrissin var. mollis par George Bentham en 1844, puis comme sous-espèce sous le nom Albizia julibrissin ssp. mollis par Ali et Saeeda Quraishi en 1967. Certains auteurs reconnaissent cependant de nos jours ce taxon comme une espèce à part, Albizia mollis. Les différences avec l'espèce type est la présence d'un duvet dense sur le calice, ainsi que des foliolules plus larges (4 à 6 mm au lieu de 3 à 3,5)[5],[10].
Il existe plusieurs variétés présentant des fleurs de couleurs blanches, jaunes, rose ou rouges. Certains cultivars diffèrent par la couleur des feuilles tels le 'Summer Chocolate' à feuillage bronze, le 'Ishii Weeping' (ou 'Pendula') à port retombant ou le 'Ombrella' à port en parasol.
Cette espèce fut introduite en Europe en 1749 par le naturaliste florentin Filippo degli Albizzi qui découvrit cet arbre lors d'une expédition à Constantinople[9]. Introduit quelques années plus tard en France, il est d'abord planté et cultivé en serre chaude, et ce n'est qu'en 1804 qu'une tentative de culture en plein air au Jardin des plantes de Paris eut lieu[11].
De nombreuses sources secondaires indiquent l'introduction de l’Albizia julibrissin comme plante ornementale aux États-Unis en 1745, mais sans sources primaires. Les documents primaires semblent montrer qu'elle aurait plutôt eu lieu en 1785, avec une première mise en vente publique en 1807[1]. Les premières naturalisations documentées pour cette espèce datent des années 1950, en Géorgie et en Illinois, puis vient le tour de la Caroline du Sud dans les années 1970, de Washington DC et de la Californie dans les années 1990, du Connecticut dans les années 2000[1]. Dans les années 2010, l’Albizia julibrissin est présent dans tout le sud des États-Unis et à l'est, son aire de répartition remonte vers le nord aussi haut que l'état de New-York et le Massachusetts[1],[12]. Il est déclaré "très commun" en Alabama[1].
L'arbre à soie est largement utilisé comme plante ornementale en raison de sa belle floraison, de son feuillage léger et de son port étalé qui fournit de larges zones d'ombre. Il est planté dans les jardins et les parcs, mais aussi comme plante d'alignement en milieu urbain. Il est en effet adapté à des sols compacts et secs souvent présents dans l'espace urbain[13].
Son écorce est utilisée en cosmétique dans la composition de raffermissants de la peau[14],[15]
L'écorce est utilisée pour traiter les ecchymoses et comme vermifuge[réf. nécessaire].
Différentes études ont démontré que des extraits de cette plante ont une action psychotrope liée au système sérotoninergique. Une étude coréenne sur des rats a démontré qu'un extrait aqueux d'écorce de tronc a une action anxiolytique[16]. Une autre étude, réalisée elle aussi en Corée, a montré qu'un extrait réalisé avec du dichlorométhane comme solvant avait une activité antidépressive sur les souris[17].
Certaines formes d’Albizia, dont Albizia julibrissin f. rosea, sont également utilisées dans la réalisation de bonsaïs.
Dans les haïkus japonais, l'usage de « mots de saison » (kigo), souvent tirés de la nature et liés à une symbolique saisonnière, est très important. Albizia julibrissin, appelé nemunoki (合歓木), nemutagi, nebutagi, neburinoki ou neburiko, est un kigo lié à la symbolique de l'été et véhiculant l'idée de joie ou d'allégresse (歓喜)[18], mais aussi, selon les dialectes, de sommeil ou de torpeur (眠) les soirs d'été[19]. C'est dans ce second sens que ce kigo a été utilisé pour la première fois dans un haïku de 1711, ainsi que par d'autres haïkistes célèbres tels que Man'yōshū, Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson ou Hekigotō Kawahigashi[19].
Albizia julibrissin, communément appelé Albizia, Arbre à soie, Acacia de Constantinople ou Mimosa de Constantinople, est une espèce d'arbres à feuillage caduc de la famille des fabacées.
Originaire d'Asie de l'Est et du Sud, l'Albizia a été répandu par l'homme sur presque tous les continents. Apprécié pour ses qualités ornementales, cet albizia possède une floraison très décorative sous forme de pompons roses et son feuillage découpé ainsi que son port étalé lui permettent de fournir un ombrage léger.
Sa capacité à se naturaliser facilement, doublée d'une reproduction intensive à la fois sur un mode sexué et asexué, ont toutefois rendu cette plante invasive dans plusieurs régions du monde, notamment aux États-Unis.
A árbore da seda[1] (Albizia julibrissin) é unha árbore común como ornamental nos xardíns urbanos de Galicia[2]. Ás veces chámaselle acacia, malia non ser unha verdadeira Acacia, senón unha especie dun xénero achegado (Albizia) pertencente á mesma subfamilia Mimosoideae, dentro da familia Fabaceae.
Árbore de folla caediza que pode acadar os 15 m de altura, con copa ancha e aberta e de franzas, raque e inflorescencias tomentosas. A casca é de cor cinsenta escura e se torna a cor verdosa con raias verticais a medida que envellece. As follas, de estípulas caedizas máis pequenas que os folíolos, son bipinnadas, de 20–45 cm de longo e 12–25 cm de largo, dividida en 6-12 pares de pinnas, cada un con 20-30 pares de folíolos oblongos, de 1-1,5 cm de longo e 2–4 mm largo, co nervio principal moi desprazado cara arriba (case confundido co bordo) e os seus peciolulos implantados na superficie superior do raque secundario, para facilitar o feche de ditos folíolos en ausencia de luz. Inflorescencias de cabezas globosas dispostas en panículas terminais de flores, inseridas nun receptáculo subesférico, con cáliz tubular pubescente duns 3 mm discretamente penta-lobulado, e con corola tamén pubescente sub-centimétrica con 5 lóbulos deltoides de 1,5 mm. Unha ou máis flores do centro do capítulo floral -xeralmente só unha- teñen o cáliz e o tubo estaminal bastante máis grandes, e sobresaen claramente da inflorescencia; ademais a súa antese é máis precoz que a das restantes. Os filamentos dos estames, que son exertos e soldados na súa base, son de cor rosa-violáceo na súa parte apical, de 2–3 cm e con anteras diminutas. O froito é un legume glabro e comprimido, sen tabiques, de 10-15 por 1–3 cm, verdes ao principio e de cor parda e con textura membranácea ao madureceren, con dehiscencia elástica -o que fai que as súas sementes sexan expulsadas a certa distancia da árbore[3]-, con sementes algo aplanadas de cor marrón escura na madurez, de forma ovoide, dispostas de forma transversal perpendicular ao eixo de alongamento do legume, con funículo filiforme nacendo da sutura externa do froito, algo torto no seu extremo distal, extremadamente feble, de implantación algo desprazada lateralmente respecto do ápice da semente e con clara liña fisural. Ditas sementes poden acadar un número de 35-40 en cada legume, aínda que usualmente non pasan de 10-15.[3][4]
É orixinaria do sueste e leste de Asia, dende o leste do Irán até China e Corea. Introduciuse en Europa a mediados do século XVIII.
Na natureza, a árbore tende a medrar en chairas secas, nos vales de area, e as terras altas. Converteuse nunha especie invasora no Xapón e nos Estados Unidos, neste último moi estendido desde o sur de Nova York, Nova Jersey, e ao oeste de Connecticut a Missouri e Illinois e ao sur da Florida e Texas, tamén se cultiva en California e Oregón, mais aló non resultan invasivas. Tamén medra en Europa. En Galicia aparece nalgúns xardíns urbanos e coma árbore de rúa.
A casca úsase para sandar feridas e como antihelmíntica. As sementes úsanse como alimento para o gado e a fauna silvestre, e as flores, docemente perfumadas, son unha fonte de néctar para as abellas.
Os extractos en doses altas de A. julibrissin posúen efectos antidepresivos en ratos, moi probabelmente mediados por 5-HT1A receptores.[5] Na medicina tradicional chinesa Albizzia jublibrissin (合欢花He Huan Hua) utilízase para alimentar o corazón e calmar o espírito.[6][7]
Albizia julibrissin foi descrita por Antonio Durazzini e publicado en Magazzino toscano 3(4): 11, 1772.[8]
Hai dúas variedades aceptadas, os outros taxons infraespecíficos descritos son meras sinonimias da especie, ou ben doutras especies de Albizia:
Flores, detalle.
Froitos semi-maduros.
Froito inmaturo; detalle da implantación do froito no receptáculo floral
Sementes inmaturas in situ, co seu funículo.
Sementes soltas inmaturas.
Sementes maduras; nótanse restos de funículos.
A árbore da seda (Albizia julibrissin) é unha árbore común como ornamental nos xardíns urbanos de Galicia. Ás veces chámaselle acacia, malia non ser unha verdadeira Acacia, senón unha especie dun xénero achegado (Albizia) pertencente á mesma subfamilia Mimosoideae, dentro da familia Fabaceae.
Albizia julibrissin, detta in Italiano acacia di Costantinopoli o gaggìa arborea[1]Durazz., 1772 è una pianta delle Fabacee, originaria delle regioni dell'Asia orientale e sud-occidentale comprese tra l'Iran orientale, Azerbaigian, Cina e Corea. Il genere prende il nome dall'italiano Filippo degli Albizzi, nobile appartenente alla famiglia fiorentina degli Albizzi, che introdusse A. julibrissin in Europa verso la metà del XVIII secolo. Il nome botanico julibrissin è una corruzione della parola persiana gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم) che significa "fiore di seta" (da gul گل "fiore" + abrisham ابریشم "seta").
Chiamato anche impropriamente albero della seta deve il suo nome alla presenza di numerosi stami serici, color bianco crema, che variano dal rosa chiaro allo scuro. Venne introdotta in Europa da Costantinopoli nel 1749 dal nobile fiorentino Filippo degli Albizzi.
A. julibrissin è un piccolo albero di 5-12 metri di altezza a foglie decidue. La corteccia è di colore grigio chiaro con sfumature verdastre e presenta strisce scure in verticale con l'avanzare dell'invecchiamento. Le foglie sono bipennate, lunghe dai 20 ai 45 cm e larghe dai 12 ai 25 cm. I segmenti fogliari opposti, lunghi 6–10 mm, sono caratterizzati dalla capacità di chiudersi a libro di notte oppure in caso di pioggia, o comunque sempre in risposta al mancato o parziale irraggiamento da parte di una fonte luminosa di opportuna intensità. I fiori vengono prodotti durante tutta la stagione estiva, hanno calice e corolla di ridottissime dimensioni e sono portati in infiorescenze. La parte evidente (come nella mimosa) sono i lunghi e numerosi stami di colore bianco e rosa. Si è osservato che le infiorescenze di A. julibrissin risultano particolarmente attraenti per le api, le farfalle delle specie più comuni e i colibrì. Il frutto è un baccello verde di circa 10–20 cm di lunghezza che con la maturazione assume una colorazione giallo-marrone.
Ne esistono due varietà:
Gli habitat originali dell'albero includono le regioni dell'Iran, Azerbaigian, Cina e Corea.[2]
Albizia julibrissin è piantata come arbusto ornamentale in parchi e giardini, nota per l'aspetto setoso dei suoi fiori e per l'ombrello di foglie orizzontali che sviluppa, oltre che per la crescita veloce e la bassa richiesta d'acqua che consente di piazzare la pianta anche in luoghi dal clima contraddistinto da estati torride.[3] È piantata con successo anche in California, in Texas ed in Oklahoma. Sebbene queste piante sappiano sopravvivere in condizioni di quasi mancanza d'acqua, la loro crescita rallenta e le piante tendono ad apparire malate.[3]
La chioma degli alberi pienamente cresciuti fornisce una zona d'ombra piacevole. I fiori di questa varietà vanno dal bianco al rosso sfumato, ma vi sono anche varietà color crema e giallo paglierino. La variante Summer Chocolate ha delle foglie rosso scuro con fiori rosa pallido.
La A. julibrissin è presente anche nella forma rosea che, in passato, è stata addirittura classificata come vera e propria cultivar a parte. L'albero è più basso (5–7 m), con fiori sempre rosei. Nativa del nordest della Corea e della Cina settentrionale, è particolarmente resistente al freddo, essendo in grado di sopravvivere a temperature anche di -25 °C. Il cultivar Ernest Wilson (noto anche come E.H.Wilson o Rosea) ha i fiori di color rosa ancora più scuro. In Giappone la forma rosea è utilizzato talvolta come bonsai non tradizionale.[4]
I semi della pianta sono velenosi, ma i fiori sono una buona fonte di nettare per api e farfalle.
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url (aiuto). URL consultato il 27 giugno 2011. Albizia julibrissin, detta in Italiano acacia di Costantinopoli o gaggìa arboreaDurazz., 1772 è una pianta delle Fabacee, originaria delle regioni dell'Asia orientale e sud-occidentale comprese tra l'Iran orientale, Azerbaigian, Cina e Corea. Il genere prende il nome dall'italiano Filippo degli Albizzi, nobile appartenente alla famiglia fiorentina degli Albizzi, che introdusse A. julibrissin in Europa verso la metà del XVIII secolo. Il nome botanico julibrissin è una corruzione della parola persiana gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم) che significa "fiore di seta" (da gul گل "fiore" + abrisham ابریشم "seta").
Albizia julibrissin er et løvfellende tre i erteblomstfamilien.
Det blir opptil 15 m høyt med en bred krone. Bladene er store og dobbeltfinnete; de folder seg sammen om natta og i regnvær. Blomstene dufter og sitter 10–15 sammen i store hoder. Pollenbærerne har rosa utvekster og er 25–30 mm lange. Frukten er en flat belg som er omtrent 15 cm lang.
Albizia julibrissin hører hjemme i de hyrkanske løvskogene ved sørkysten av Det kaspiske hav i Nord-Iran, men noen kilder sier at den også vokser vilt østover til Kina og Japan. Treslaget er mer hardført enn andre Albizia-arter og tåler ganske kalde vintre, så lenge sommeren er varm. Det er vanlig plantet i hager, parker og gater i mange land på grunn av vakre blader og blomster.
Albizia julibrissin i en tysk hage
Bark
Bladverk
Blomster
Belger
Albizia julibrissin er et løvfellende tre i erteblomstfamilien.
Det blir opptil 15 m høyt med en bred krone. Bladene er store og dobbeltfinnete; de folder seg sammen om natta og i regnvær. Blomstene dufter og sitter 10–15 sammen i store hoder. Pollenbærerne har rosa utvekster og er 25–30 mm lange. Frukten er en flat belg som er omtrent 15 cm lang.
Albizia julibrissin hører hjemme i de hyrkanske løvskogene ved sørkysten av Det kaspiske hav i Nord-Iran, men noen kilder sier at den også vokser vilt østover til Kina og Japan. Treslaget er mer hardført enn andre Albizia-arter og tåler ganske kalde vintre, så lenge sommeren er varm. Det er vanlig plantet i hager, parker og gater i mange land på grunn av vakre blader og blomster.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Albicja biało-różowa[2] (Albizia julibrissin) – gatunek roślin należący do rodziny bobowatych i podrodziny mimozowych. Występuje naturalnie w południowej i wschodniej Azji od Iranu na wschód do Chin i Korei[3].
Nazwa naukowa rodzaju pochodzi od włoskiego szlachcica Filippo del Albizzi, który wprowadził go do Europy w połowie XVIII wieku. Nazwa gatunkowa julibrissin pochodzi z języka perskiego i oznacza "kwiat jedwabiu" ( گل gul "kwiat" + ابریشم abrisham "jedwab").
Albicja jedwabista – jest to małe liściaste drzewo dorastające do 5-12 m wysokości, z szeroką parasolowatą koroną. Kora jest ciemno zielonkawa, starsze okazy mają korę szarą w pionowe paski. Liście są podwójnie pierzaste, 20-45 cm długości i 12-25 cm szerokości, podzielone na 6-12 par odnóg, każda z nich ma 20-30 par małych listków, są one podłużne, 1-1,5 cm długości i 2-4 mm szerokości. Kwitnie przez całe lato. Kwiaty są zebrane w gęste główki, a te z kolei wyrastają w szczytowych gronach. Kwiaty nie posiadają płatków, ale sterczące wiązki pręcików, długości 2-3 cm, różowych lub bladoróżowych, wyglądających jak jedwabiste nici. Są one atrakcyjne dla pszczół, motyli i kolibrów. Owocem jest płaski brązowy strąk około 10-20 cm długości i ok. 2-2,5 cm szerokości, zawierający kilka–kilkanaście nasion w środku.
Istnieje także forma, Albizia julibrissin f. rosea, Jest to mniejsze drzewo, dorastające do 5-7 m wysokości, z kwiatami zawsze różowymi. Występuje na północy swojego zasięgu w Korei Północnej i Chinach, bardziej toleruje zimno niż typowa forma, wytrzymuje mrozy co najmniej -25° C.
Drzewo jedwabne jest powszechnie sadzone jako roślina ozdobna, uprawiana dla pięknych liści i kwiatów. Szeroka korona u starszych drzew sprawia, że przydatna jest w upalne dni by zapewnić cień. W stanie dzikim drzewo ma tendencję do wzrostu na suchych równinach, piaszczystych dolinach i wyżynach. Jest inwazyjna w Japonii i Stanach Zjednoczonych, a rozpowszechniana od południowej części Nowego Jorku, New Jersey, Connecticut na zachód do Missouri i Illinois, a na południe do Florydy i Teksasu, jest również uprawiana w Kalifornii i Oregonie. Uprawia się ją także w Europie, na przykład na Krymie. W Stanach Zjednoczonych prowadzone są prace w celu wyhodowania roślin nie wytwarzających nasion i przez to pozbawionych skłonności inwazyjnych. Albicja jest bardzo podatna na grzybicze choroby spowodowane przez gatunki z rodzaju Fusarium, choć choroba nie wydaje się oddziaływać zbyt poważnie na stan jej populacji. Ze względu na swoje skłonności inwazyjne i wrażliwość na choroby rzadko zalecana jest jako roślina ozdobna w USA, choć jest nadal powszechnie sadzona w różnych częściach Europy.
Odporna na mróz forma A. julibrissin f. rosea może być uprawiana w gruncie również w ciepłych regionach Polski[4].
Albicja biało-różowa (Albizia julibrissin) – gatunek roślin należący do rodziny bobowatych i podrodziny mimozowych. Występuje naturalnie w południowej i wschodniej Azji od Iranu na wschód do Chin i Korei.
Nazwa naukowa rodzaju pochodzi od włoskiego szlachcica Filippo del Albizzi, który wprowadził go do Europy w połowie XVIII wieku. Nazwa gatunkowa julibrissin pochodzi z języka perskiego i oznacza "kwiat jedwabiu" ( گل gul "kwiat" + ابریشم abrisham "jedwab").
Albizia julibrissin é uma espécie de plantas com flor da subfamília Mimosoideae da família Fabaceae, conhecida pelos nomes comuns de árvore-da-seda[1][2] ou acácia-de-constantinopla.
Albizia julibrissin é uma espécie de plantas com flor da subfamília Mimosoideae da família Fabaceae, conhecida pelos nomes comuns de árvore-da-seda ou acácia-de-constantinopla.
Silkesträd, Albizia julibrissin[1] är en ärtväxtart som beskrevs av Antonio Durazzini. Albizia julibrissin ingår i släktet Albizia och familjen ärtväxter.[2][3]
Släktnamet hedrar den italienske adelsmannen Filippo degli Albizzi[4] som förde arten från Konstantinopel till Italien 1749[5] och artnamnet kan möjligen härledas från persiska گل ابریشم ("golabrisham") som betyder "silkesblomma"[6] och är det persiska namnet på bresilja[7].
Silkesträdet blir upp till 16 meter högt[8]. De dubbelt parbladiga bladen består av 6 - 12 par blad av andra ordningen, vilka i sin tur består av 10 - 30 par 6 - 12 mm långa småblad.[8] De små skära trattformiga blommorna sitter i täta bollformade huvuden, vilka i sin tur bildar klasar.[8] Frukten är en 9 - 15 cm lång platt bandformad balja.[8]
Trädet förekommer naturligt i buskmarker från Japan till Kaspiska havet[5], odlas som prydnadsväxt över stora delar av världen och uppträder invasivt bland annat i USA[9] och medelhavsområdet.[10]
Arten delas in i följande underarter:[2]
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Denna artikel om ärtväxter saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
Silkesträd, Albizia julibrissin är en ärtväxtart som beskrevs av Antonio Durazzini. Albizia julibrissin ingår i släktet Albizia och familjen ärtväxter.
Gülibrişim (Albizia julibrissin), baklagiller (Fabaceae) familyasından 15 m'ye kadar boy yapabilen küçük bir ağaç.
İkili tüysü yapraklar karşılıklı dizilmiştir. Çok sayıda küçük yaprakçık bulunur, yaprak kenarları tamdır. Er dişi çiçekler pembe renklidir; çiçekler yaz ortasında (Temmuz ayında) açar.
Polenleri alerjik reaksiyona neden olabilir. Bakla tipi meyve görülür. Asya (İran) kökenli bir bitki olmasına rağmen -15 derece soğuğa dayanıklıdır.
1749 senesinde bu ağacı İstanbul'da görerek Floransa'ya götüren Fiippledel Albizzi'ye ithafen yurt dışında ağaca Albizia adı verilmiştir. "Julibrissin" tür adı Türkçe "Gülibrişim" kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Pers ipek ağacı (İng:Persian silk tree) olarak da bilinir.[1]
Gülibrişim (Albizia julibrissin), baklagiller (Fabaceae) familyasından 15 m'ye kadar boy yapabilen küçük bir ağaç.
İkili tüysü yapraklar karşılıklı dizilmiştir. Çok sayıda küçük yaprakçık bulunur, yaprak kenarları tamdır. Er dişi çiçekler pembe renklidir; çiçekler yaz ortasında (Temmuz ayında) açar.
Polenleri alerjik reaksiyona neden olabilir. Bakla tipi meyve görülür. Asya (İran) kökenli bir bitki olmasına rağmen -15 derece soğuğa dayanıklıdır.
1749 senesinde bu ağacı İstanbul'da görerek Floransa'ya götüren Fiippledel Albizzi'ye ithafen yurt dışında ağaca Albizia adı verilmiştir. "Julibrissin" tür adı Türkçe "Gülibrişim" kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Pers ipek ağacı (İng:Persian silk tree) olarak da bilinir.
Родова назва — Albizia, походить від імені флорентійця Філіппо дель Альбіцці (італ. Albizzi), який познайомив в XVIII столітті Європу з цією рослиною. Видовий епітет — julibrissin, це спотворене gul-i abrisham (перс. گل ابریشم), що на фарсі означає «шовкова квітка» (від gul گل — «квітка», abrisham ابریشم — «шовк»).
Ареал рослини — Іран, Туреччина, південний схід Азербайджану, Далекий Схід (Китай, Японія, Тайвань), Індійський субконтинент (Бутан, північна Індія, Непал, Кашмір), Південно-Східна Азія (М'янма).
Як декоративна рослина альбіція завоювала весь світ, який лежить не тільки в субтропічній і тропічній областях, а й райони з помірним теплим кліматом в Європі, Середземномор'ї, Криму і на Чорноморському узбережжі Кавказу. У південних регіонах України альбіція є по суті найкрасивішим і рясно квітучим протягом декількох місяців (липень-жовтень) деревом. Багато її культивують в кримських містах. Особливо численна альбіція в Керчі, де нею декоровані алеї та безліч скверів міста.
Це велике листопадне дерево висотою 10-12 метрів. У нього розлога зонтиковидна крона, як у деяких видів тропічних акацій. Листя альбіція ажурні, розсічені на безліч дрібних часток. Листя на ніч закриваються для збереження тепла. Альбіція має правильні квітки, але чашолистки і пелюстки зрослі. Трубочка віночка у 2 рази довша за чашечку. Одна з найцікавіших особливостей її квіток — довгі численні тичинки з рожевими нитками. Вони висять пучками, висуваючись з різко забарвленого у жовтий колір віночка. Плоди — плоскі боби, багатонасінні, жовтуваті, довжиною 10-20 см. Насіння жовтувате, 0,5 см завдовжки.
Розпускається пізно, в середині травня, коли майже всі дерева вже розпустилися. Цвітіння її рясне і тривале — починається в середині червня і триває до вересня-жовтня, в залежності від погоди. Восени вона дуже довго зберігає листя (іноді до кінця листопада). Альбіція до останнього моменту залишається зеленою, і її листя одномоментно може знищити тільки заморозок або сильний вітер.
Швидкість зростання та оригінальність дозволяє, незважаючи на теплолюбність, використовувати альбіцію в озелененні. Особливо гарна альбіція в період цвітіння (друга половина літа). Ефектна в одиночних посадках, в невеликих групах, алейних насадженнях. Розмножується насінням, живцями, щепленням.
Це незавершена стаття про Бобові.Cây hợp hoan (tên khoa học: Albizia julibrissin) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được Durazz. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[1]
Cây hợp hoan (tên khoa học: Albizia julibrissin) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được Durazz. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.
Листья непарно двуперистые, ажурные, состоят из 9—15 долей, каждая из которых содержит 15—30 пар листочков, сидящих на вторичном черешке; листочки сверху тёмно-зелёные, снизу беловатые. Длина листа достигает 20 сантиметров. В жаркую погоду и на ночь листочки складываются вдоль средней жилки, а весь сложный лист поникает. На зиму альбиция сбрасывает листья[5][7].
Цветёт в мае—августе[8][9]. Цветки желтовато-белые, краевые бесплодные — тычиночные, центральные обоеполые, обладают 5-лучевой симметрией, собраны в щитковидные метёлки. Тычинки длинные, розового или белого цвета[5].
Плоды альбиции — плоские многосеменные бобы, в молодости зелёные, во взрослом состояний соломенно-жёлтого или коричневатого цвета длиной 10—20 см[7][5]. Семена удлинённо овальные, плосковатые, тусклые , коричневые или бурые, 6—7 мм длиной[5].
Дерево растёт быстро, живёт 50—100 лет.
Естественный ареал растения охватывает несколько регионов.
На территории бывшего СССР в исконном диком виде растёт в нижнем горном поясе (до 200 м) Талышских гор на юге Азербайджана.
Альбиция ленкоранская широко распространена в культуре, в том числе на крайнем юге России и на юге Украины. Альбиция в целом является теплолюбивым субтропическим растением. В отдельные года были отмечены случаи её подмерзания даже в Тбилиси и Баку. Вместе с тем, за долгие десятилетия акклиматизации в более северных широтах, альбиция довольно успешно приспособилась к произрастанию севернее субтропических ландшафтов, став одним из самых зимостойких субтропических видов. К примеру альбицию можно найти в жилых районах Краснодара, посёлка Витязево к северу от Анапы, где никаких других субтропических растений уже нет. На южном берегу Крыма это дерево вообще успешно размножается самосевом[12]. Хорошо растёт и в Севастополе[13]. Выращивается на юге Средней Азии в Туркмении, Узбекистане (Ташкент, Самарканд) и на юге Казахстана в Чимкенте[5]. Выращивается странах Западной и Южной Европы: Италия, Франция, Греция и Албания. В XX веке акклиматизировано также во многих местах южной половины США [5]. В Китае культивируется от Юньнаня и Фуцзяня на юге до Ганьсу и Ляонина на севере [4].
Без повреждения выдерживает температуру до —15 —16 °C, при —18 °C повреждаются молодые побеги, а при —20 —22 °C страдают основные ветви кроны[5][6]. При температуре —20 °C более 10 дней и отсутствии снежного покрова подмерзает вся надземная часть [14].
Хороший медонос. Кора альбиции использовалась для окраски в бурые и жёлтые тона шерсти и шёлка. Плотная древесина с красивым рисунком хорошо полируется.
Описаны две разновидности:
Листья непарно двуперистые, ажурные, состоят из 9—15 долей, каждая из которых содержит 15—30 пар листочков, сидящих на вторичном черешке; листочки сверху тёмно-зелёные, снизу беловатые. Длина листа достигает 20 сантиметров. В жаркую погоду и на ночь листочки складываются вдоль средней жилки, а весь сложный лист поникает. На зиму альбиция сбрасывает листья.
Цветёт в мае—августе. Цветки желтовато-белые, краевые бесплодные — тычиночные, центральные обоеполые, обладают 5-лучевой симметрией, собраны в щитковидные метёлки. Тычинки длинные, розового или белого цвета.
Плоды альбиции — плоские многосеменные бобы, в молодости зелёные, во взрослом состояний соломенно-жёлтого или коричневатого цвета длиной 10—20 см. Семена удлинённо овальные, плосковатые, тусклые , коричневые или бурые, 6—7 мм длиной.
Дерево растёт быстро, живёт 50—100 лет.
合欢树（学名：Albizia julibrissin），常簡稱為“合歡”，也叫“合昏”、“夜合”，主要是因为它的小叶一到夜晚就闭合到一起。此外還有“绒花树”、“鸟绒”、“马缨花”等名称。花瓣不显著，但雄蕊细长，下部白色上部粉红色，使花的形状类似一个挂在马颈下的红缨，因此得到这些名称。
合欢树原产于中国，性耐寒、耐热、耐干燥，生长迅速，枝条每年可以生长一米以上。初夏开花，花期较长，因此是非常好的行道树和园林绿化树，已经引种到北温带的很多各国。最早罗马人以为蚕丝制品产于这种树上，所以称其为“丝树”，至今西方许多种语言中将其称为丝树。合欢树木材结构较细，也可用于制造家具，但易开裂，需经过适当处理。
合欢花在中国古代诗歌和绘画中也经常出现，以象征爱情，《聊斋志异》中也有“门前一树马缨花”的诗句。
合欢花可作为药用。性平，味甘。可解郁安神，用于心神不安，忧郁失眠。
作為行道樹的合歡樹
矮合欢 Albizia julibrissin f. rosea
|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助) （繁体中文）
合欢树（学名：Albizia julibrissin），常簡稱為“合歡”，也叫“合昏”、“夜合”，主要是因为它的小叶一到夜晚就闭合到一起。此外還有“绒花树”、“鸟绒”、“马缨花”等名称。花瓣不显著，但雄蕊细长，下部白色上部粉红色，使花的形状类似一个挂在马颈下的红缨，因此得到这些名称。
合欢树原产于中国，性耐寒、耐热、耐干燥，生长迅速，枝条每年可以生长一米以上。初夏开花，花期较长，因此是非常好的行道树和园林绿化树，已经引种到北温带的很多各国。最早罗马人以为蚕丝制品产于这种树上，所以称其为“丝树”，至今西方许多种语言中将其称为丝树。合欢树木材结构较细，也可用于制造家具，但易开裂，需经过适当处理。
分類（APG III） 界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 rosids 階級なし : マメ類 fabids 目 : マメ目 Fabales 科 : マメ科 Fabaceae 亜科 : ネムノキ亜科 Mimosoideae 属 : ネムノキ属 Albizia 種 : ネムノキ A. julibrissin 学名 Albizia julibrissinネムノキ（合歓木、Albizia julibrissin）はマメ科ネムノキ亜科[1]の落葉高木。別名、ネム、ネブ。
葉は2回偶数羽状複葉。花は頭状花序的に枝先に集まって夏に咲く。淡紅色のおしべが長く美しい。香りは桃のように甘い。果実は細長く扁平な豆果。マメ科に属するが、マメ亜科に特徴的な蝶形花とは大きく異なり、花弁が目立たない。
イラン、アフガニスタン、中国南部、朝鮮半島[2]、日本の本州・四国・九州[3]に自生する。
陽樹であり、荒れ地に最初に侵入する先駆種である[4]。河原や雑木林に生え、高さは10mにもなる[3]。芽吹くのは遅いが、成長は他の木と比較すると迅速である。
ネムノキ属は主として熱帯に150種ほどが分布するが、その中でネムノキは飛び抜けて耐寒性が強く高緯度まで分布する。温帯で広く栽培され、一部で野生化している。
和名のネム、ネブは、夜になると葉が閉じること（就眠運動）に由来する。漢字名の「合歓木」は、中国においてネムノキが夫婦円満の象徴とされていることから付けられたものである。 ネムノキの就眠運動は、葉の付け根の膨らんだ部分（葉枕）の内部圧力を変化させる仕組みにより葉を開閉する。周囲が暗くなると葉を閉じるが、光を当て続ける実験を行ったところ、体内時計による概日リズムに従って就眠することが判明している[4]。
花言葉は「歓喜」。夏の季語であり、万葉集や松尾芭蕉、与謝蕪村の句に登場する。 長谷川雪旦の『江戸名所花暦』では、綾瀬川河岸のネムノキの眺めが名所として取り上げられている[4]。
ネムノキはキチョウの食草で、時として多数がついて食い荒らされる。また、大型のカメムシであるオオクモヘリカメムシがよくついており、うっかり触ると非常に臭い。 他のマメ科植物と同様に根粒菌と共生関係にある[4]。
漢語では合歓の他に、馬纓花、絨花樹、合昏、夜合、鳥絨などの異名がある。
日本語の方言語彙には次のようなものがある。
観賞用の他に、街路樹としても使われることがある。害虫駆除、鎮痛、家畜の飼料などにも利用される。 塩害に強い特性から、日本では古くから海岸線の防風林として利用されている[4]。 中国医学ではネムの花を生薬として用いる。性は平、味は甘であり、精神安定や不眠解消の効果があるとされる。樹皮にはタンニンが含有され、打撲傷に効能がある。
中央がネムノキ
中国石家荘市の街路樹
閉じた葉
さや（果実）
자귀나무(영어: Persian silk tree 또는 pink silk tree)는 콩목 콩과의 식물이다. 학명은 Albizia julibrissin이다. 원산지는 남동아시아의 이란과 중국, 한국에 이른다. 두 잎을 맞대고 밤을 보내는 특징 때문에 합환목, 합혼수, 야합수, 유정수라는 이름도 가지고 있다.
속명인 "Albizia"는 18세기 유럽에 처음 이 나무를 소개한 이탈리아 귀족 Filippo del Albizzi를 따서 지었다. 종종 "Albizzia"라고 잘못 쓰인다. 종명인 julibrissin은 비단 꽃을 뜻하는 페르시아어 Gul-i Abrisham(گل ابریشم)이 전해진 것이다.
산과 들에서 자라며 관상수로 심기도 한다. 키는 5~15m에 이른다. 미모사가 잎을 건드리면 움츠러들듯이 자귀나무는 밤이 되면 양쪽으로 마주 난 잎을 서로 포갠다. 잎은 줄기에 하나씩 달리는 것이 아니라 아까시나무처럼 작은 잎들이 모여 하나의 가지를 만들고 이들이 다시 줄기에 달린다. 이것이 복엽이다. 대부분의 복엽은 작은 잎들이 둘씩 마주 나고 맨 끝에 잎이 하나 남는데, 자귀나무는 작은 잎이 짝수여서 밤이 되어 잎을 닫을 때 홀로 남는 잎이 없다. 그래서 부부 금슬을 상징하는 합환목(合歡木), 합혼수(合婚樹), 야합수(夜合樹)라고 부르기도 한다. 소가 자귀나무 잎을 무척 좋아해서 소쌀밥나무라고도 부른다. 6~7월이면 가지 끝에 15~20개의 작은 꽃이 우산 모양으로 달리며 기다란 분홍 수술이 술처럼 늘어져 매우 아름답다. 9~10월에 익는 열매는 콩과 식물답게 콩깍지 모양이다. 금세 떨어지지 않고 겨울 바람에 부딪혀 달가닥거린다. 이 소리가 시끄러워 여설목(女舌木)이라 부르기도 했다.
꽃과 잎
Albizia julibrissin for. rosea의 꽃은 자귀나무보다 훨씬 붉다.
밤에 맞붙은 자귀나무 잎
겨울에도 붙어 있는 자귀나무 열매
자귀나무(영어: Persian silk tree 또는 pink silk tree)는 콩목 콩과의 식물이다. 학명은 Albizia julibrissin이다. 원산지는 남동아시아의 이란과 중국, 한국에 이른다. 두 잎을 맞대고 밤을 보내는 특징 때문에 합환목, 합혼수, 야합수, 유정수라는 이름도 가지고 있다.
