Tobacco

Bako (Nicotiana spp., L.) nujul ka hiji genus tutuwuhan nu daunna lébar pituin Amérika Kalér jeung Kidul, atawa siksikan daunna nu geus digaringkeun. Daun bako sok diudud (baca udud bako) dina bentuk roko atawa bentuk séjénna. Bako ogé sok diseupah, atawa diseuseup tipungna.

Kecap basa Spanyol "tabaco" cenah asalna tina basa Arawakan atawa basa Taino ti Karibia, nu nujul ka gulungan daun bako (numutkeun Bartolome de Las Casas, 1552) atawa "tabago", sarupaning solobong nu bentukna "Y" pikeun nyeuseup haseup bako (numutkeun Oviedo), tapi "tabaco" (ogé It. "tobacco") ilahar dipaké pikeun nyebut tutuwuhan ubar taun 1410, nu asalna tina basa arab "tabaq", nu geus dipaké sahanteuna ti abad ka-9.

Bako ngandung alkaloid nikotin, neurotoksin kuat nu bisa maéhan serangga. Konsumsi bako, dina bentuk kumaha baé, bakal nyerep nikotina kana aliran getih, antukna lila-lila mah bisa ngabalukarkeun toléransi jeung kacanduan. Dosis létal nikotin sabenerna mah dikandung dina tilu watang roko (hiji satengah surutu), tapi da lolobana mah nikotin téh teu kaseuseup; kasus signifikan karacunan nikotin mah lolobana balukar tina nikotin dina inséktisida. Alkaloid aktif lianna nu aya dina bako nyaéta alkaloid harmala.

Udud bako bisa ngabalukarkeun kasakit kangker jeung strok, gangguan pernapasan jeung jantung[1], harepan hirup ogé sacara signifikan mondokan [2]. Loba nagara nu geus narékahan ngerém konsumsi roko, kalawan tujuan pikeun ngurangan résiko beban kaséhatan publik. Résiko katarajang kangker nu leuwih gedé téh sigana alatan ayana nitrosamina jeung sanyawa karsinogén nu aya dina bako jeung résidu pamanasan anaérobik nalika rokona diduruk.

Sajarah

Kebon bako

Urang Amérika geus maké bako saméméh bangsa Éropah nepi ka buana éta. Malah sumebarna bako ka sakuliah dunya téh dimimitian nalika bangsa Éropah nu datang ka Amérika balik deui ka Éropah bari mawa éta kabiasaan.

Baca ogé

• Roko
• Nikotin
• Industri bako
• Virus mosaik bako
• Ubar psikoaktif
• Pahpir

Rujukan

Bacaan salajengna

• Breen, T. H. (1985). Tobacco Culture. Princeton Univerisity Press. ISBN 0-691-00596-6. Source on tobacco culture in eighteenth-century Virginia pp. 46-55
• W.K. Collins and S.N. Hawks. "Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" 1st Edition, 1993
• Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, the Native Crop. Louisiana Life.
• Gately, Iain. Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8021-3960-4.
• Graves, John. "Tobacco that is not Smoked" in From a Limestone Ledge (the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco) ISBN 0394512383
• Killebrew, J. B. and Myrick, Herbert (1909). Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. Orange Judd Company. Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243)
• Poche, L. Aristee (2002). Perique tobacco: Mystery and history.
• Tilley, Nannie May. The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860-1929 ISBN 0405047282. Source on flea beetle prevention (pp. 39-43), and history of flue-cured tobacco

Tumbu kaluar

• Latest news on tobacco and smoking issues
• Timeline of tobacco history
• Stogie Fresh: The art and science of storing and aging cigars
• Cigar Envy: Reviews, feature stories, news and information on cigars.
• How Cigars are Made.
• Growing Nicotiana species (Plot55.com)
• Image of Nicotiana tabacum from 'Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz'
• Nicotiana tabacum at Liber Herbarum II
• Nicotiana tabacum at Plants for a Future
• Nicotine, pH, and Moisture Content of Six U.S. Commercial Moist Snuff Products CDC tobacco reséarch
• Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation 2004 by the IARC.
• A summary of the IARC report by GreenFacts.
• BBC report on questions re European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products (i.e. snus)
• History of U.S. tobacco farming and commercialization
• Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco